Policy and challenges in municipal Solid waste management in India

Abstract

Urbanization and industrialization have led to increased migration, causing city expansion and placing immense pressure on basic amenities and infrastructure. One of the critical challenges in Indian cities is Solid Waste Management (SWM), which is hindered by factors such as inadequate waste segregation, poor management capacity, lack of waste composition data, and weak regulatory enforcement. This study examines municipal solid waste management policies and execution in India, with a focus on Nellore. A household survey of 198 respondents across five colonies was conducted to assess awareness and satisfaction regarding waste management services. Findings indicate that while awareness is moderate, knowledge about waste disposal methods and recycling is limited. Key challenges include lack of segregation at source, public unawareness, and inadequate facilities. Decentralized waste management approaches, transitioning to a circular economy, and implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) are essential. The study suggests improved segregation, awareness programs, stricter regulations, and sustainable waste processing techniques such as composting, waste-to-energy, and plastic waste reuse for long-term waste management solutions in Rohtak.