World Journal of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Prednisolone Acetate
Prednisolone acetate (PA) is a corticosteroid with potential application in the management of multiple sclerosis; however, effective delivery to brain tissue remains challenging. The present study evaluated an optimized prednisolone acetate solid lipid nanoparticle (PA-SLN) formulation for intranasal brain-targeted delivery and compared its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic performance with conventional oral PA. The optimized formulation contained 11% tristearin, 58.88% surfactant mixture [Cremophor RH40:ethanol (3:1)] and a sonication time of 9.33 min. Male mice were divided into normal, diseased, oral PA and intranasal PA-SLN groups and treated for 21 days at 1.988 mg/kg in a cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis model. Locomotor activity and motor coordination were assessed using actophotometer, open-field, rota-rod and swim tests, while brain histopathology evaluated demyelination and remyelination. PA concentrations in plasma and brain homogenate were quantified by HPLC. Intranasal PA-SLNs significantly improved locomotor activity and motor coordination and promoted faster remyelination compared with oral treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
4-Chloro-4-Methoxychalcone and its analogues as a Potential Anticancer Agent in Breast Cancer: A Review
Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide and continues to present significant therapeutic challenges, particularly in aggressive subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where effective targeted therapies are limited. Chalcones, a class of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, have emerged as promising anticancer scaffolds because of their structural simplicity, synthetic accessibility, and diverse biological activities. Among them, 4-chloro-4′-methoxychalcone has attracted considerable interest due to its unique electronic architecture, generated by the combination of an electron-withdrawing para-chloro group and an electron-donating para-methoxy group, which enhances molecular polarization and target-binding potential. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the pharmacological activity, molecular targets, and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of 4-chloro-4′-methoxychalcone and related chloro-methoxy chalcone analogues in breast cancer. Available studies indicate that these compounds exert anticancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα), HER2/EGFR tyrosine kinases, Bcl-2/BAX-mediated apoptosis, cyclin B1/CDK1 cell-cycle regulation, β-tubulin polymerization, VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling, NF-κB, histone deacetylases, and MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. SAR analyses consistently identify the para-chloro/para-methoxy substitution pattern as favorable for enhanced anticancer activity, while molecular docking studies support strong interactions with several oncogenic targets. Related analogues have demonstrated low micromolar cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Despite these promising findings, major translational gaps remain, including limited in vivo validation, insufficient ADMET characterization, and the absence of clinical studies. Overall, 4-chloro-4′-methoxychalcone represents a promising multi-target lead scaffold for future breast cancer drug development.
Development and Standardization of Polyherbal Ointment for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus and is associated with delayed wound healing, microbial infection, impaired blood circulation, and prolonged hyperglycemia. The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal ointment for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers using selected medicinal plants with antidiabetic, wound-healing, antimicrobial, and circulation-enhancing properties. The formulation consisted of extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Allium sativum, Capsicum annum, and Rosmarinus officinalis oil. The plants were collected, authenticated, and subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, TLC, and HPTLC analyses for standardization and characterization. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of important bioactive constituents including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and oils. Two polyherbal ointment formulations were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, globule diameter, weight uniformity, skin irritation, and stability, and were found to possess satisfactory characteristics suitable for topical application. The healing potential of the formulations was assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats using the excision wound model. The treatment was continued for 14 days, and parameters such as blood glucose levels, body weight, wound contraction, and histopathological changes were evaluated. The polyherbal ointments produced significant wound contraction, reduced blood glucose levels, and enhanced tissue regeneration compared with the diabetic control group. Histopathological studies demonstrated improved epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation, macrophage infiltration, granulation tissue formation, and scar maturation in treated animals. The findings suggest that the synergistic action of the selected medicinal plants promotes diabetic wound healing through antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative mechanisms. The study provides scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of polyherbal ointments as a safe and effective alternative for the management of diabetic foot ulcers.
Design and Optimization of Chitosan-Based Microspheres for Sustained Delivery of Anastrozole
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate Anastrozole-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres for sustained oral drug delivery using Sodium CMC, Chitosan, and HPMC K4M polymers. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation method and characterized for their micromeritic properties, percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, swelling behavior, mucoadhesion, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release. The prepared formulations exhibited satisfactory flow properties with particle sizes ranging from 420.15 to 468.41 µm. Percentage yield and drug entrapment efficiency were found to be in the ranges of 88.31–99.52% and 87.14–99.82%, respectively. The microspheres demonstrated excellent swelling and mucoadhesive characteristics, indicating their suitability for prolonged gastrointestinal residence. In vitro dissolution studies revealed sustained drug release for up to 12 h, with cumulative drug release ranging from 85.87% to 99.92%. Among all formulations, A6 containing Chitosan at a drug-to-polymer ratio of 1:2 showed the most desirable performance, achieving 99.92% drug release with superior mucoadhesion and controlled-release characteristics. FTIR studies confirmed the absence of significant drug–polymer interactions, while SEM analysis revealed discrete and spherical microspheres with smooth surface morphology. Drug release kinetic analysis demonstrated that the optimized formulation followed Zero-order kinetics with a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The findings suggest that Chitosan-based Anastrozole microspheres are a promising sustained-release oral delivery system capable of improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance in breast cancer management.
Clinical Data Management in Pharmaceutical Research: Digital Transformation, Data Integrity, and Future Trends
Clinical trial is intended to find answers to the research question by means of generating data for proving or disproving a hypothesis. The quality of data generated plays an important role in the outcome of the study. CDM is the process of collection, cleaning, and management of subject data in compliance with regulatory standards. The primary objective of CDM processes is to provide high-quality data by keeping the number of errors and missing data as low as possible and gather maximum data for analysis. To meet better data quality best practices are adopted to ensure that data are complete, reliable, and processed correctly. Commonly used CDM tools are ORACLE CLINICAL, CLINTRIAL, MACRO, RAVE, and e-Clinical Suite. These CDM tools ensure the audit trail and help in the management of discrepancies. These software tools are expensive and need sophisticated Information Technology infrastructure to function. As a Pharmaceutical trial is designed to answer the research question, thereby CDM process will be eventually designed to deliver an error-free, valid, and statistically sound database. In regulatory submission studies, maintaining an audit trail of data management activities is of paramount importance. According to the roles and responsibilities, multiple user IDs can be created with access limitation to data entry, medical coding, database designing, or quality check. During a regulatory audit, the auditors can verify the discrepancy management process; the changes made and can confirm that no unauthorized or false changes were made. Developments on the technological front has positively impacted the CDM process and systems, thereby leading to encouraging results on speed and quality of data being generated.
Integrated In vivo and In Silico Evaluation of Phenolic-Rich Extract of Euphorbia hirta Against Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by oxidative stress, immune dysregulation and mucosal damage. The limitations of current therapies have increased interest in plant-based alternatives with anti-inflammatory potential. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of a phenolic-rich extract of Euphorbia hirta through integrated phytochemical, in-vivo and in-silico approaches. The plant material was collected, authenticated and processed to obtain a phenolic-rich extract. Phytochemical profiling using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of major phenolic compounds, including rutin and quercetin. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 6 per group): control, DSS-induced disease control, standard, and treatment groups. The phenolic-rich extract was administered orally at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight, while the standard group received metronidazole (100mg/kg, p.o.). Disease activity index, body weight changes, histopathological alterations and inflammatory responses were assessed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the extract. Treatment with the extract demonstrated significant protective effects against intestinal inflammation and tissue damage compared with the disease control group (p < 0.05). Molecular docking studies were performed to examine the interactions of rutin and quercetin with inflammation-related protein targets. Both compounds exhibited favourable binding affinities, supporting their potential role in modulating inflammatory pathways. The findings suggest that Euphorbia hirta possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity and may serve as a promising natural therapeutic candidate for the management of IBD, supporting its traditional medicinal use and future therapeutic applications.
Hansen Solubility Parameters in Pharmaceutical Cocrystal Screening: From Group Contribution Methods to Machine Learning-Assisted Prediction
This review summarizes the theoretical basis of HSPs and discusses the major group contribution methods used for HSP estimation, including the Fedors, Hoy, and Van Krevelen approaches. The application of HSPs in pharmaceutical cocrystal screening, acceptance criteria for cocrystal prediction, and representative case studies involving poorly soluble drugs are critically examined. The advantages and limitations of HSP-based prediction methods are also discussed, highlighting the need for experimental validation of predicted cocrystal systems. Furthermore, recent advances involving machine learning, artificial intelligence, molecular descriptors, and COSMO-RS-assisted screening strategies are reviewed as emerging approaches to improve prediction accuracy and coformer selection. The integration of traditional group contribution methods with modern computational technologies is expected to accelerate pharmaceutical cocrystal discovery and reduce experimental workload. Overall, HSP-based screening remains a valuable and practical tool for early-stage cocrystal development and continues to evolve through advances in data-driven and computational methodologies.
Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of hydrocharis laevigata humb bonpl Ex willd Byng christenh
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antidiabetic activity of the ethanolic extract of Hydrocharis laevigata. The plant material was collected, authenticated, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction using ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and carbohydrates. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory activity. In the α-amylase assay, inhibition ranged from 21.01% to 49.12%, while α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 20.04% to 41.29% at concentrations of 20–100 µg/ml. The activity was comparable to the standard drug acarbose. These findings suggest that Hydrocharis laevigata possesses promising antidiabetic potential and could serve as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia.
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Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Muntingia calabura Leaf Extracts
The crude extract of Muntingia calabura (M. calabura) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of various bioactive constituents, including steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and carbohydrates. Among the different extracts, the aqueous extract exhibited the highest concentration of these phytoconstituents. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that β-sitosterol (46.33%) and stigmasterol (53.67%) were the predominant phytosterols present in the extract. Further investigation focused on the effect of β-sitosterol on GLUT-4 expression and glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. The findings demonstrated a significant upregulation of GLUT-4 expression, which enhanced glucose uptake and indicated its potential role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. In addition, β-sitosterol was also found to influence GLUT-6 expression, suggesting a non-specific modulatory effect of the plant-derived compound. These results indicate that M. calabura exhibits notable antidiabetic activity, primarily attributed to its phytosterol content. The phytosterols were found to stimulate GLUT-4 translocation to the cell membrane and may act either independently or synergistically to enhance its epigenetic expression. The improved GLUT-4 translocation suggests the potential of M. calabura in correcting defects associated with insulin-mediated glucose transport, thereby highlighting its promise as a therapeutic agent in diabetes management. Moreover, the ability of β-sitosterol and structurally related compounds such as stigmasterol to modulate GLUT protein expression at the genetic level indicates a broader regulatory influence on glucose metabolism. Overall, the study underscores the therapeutic potential of M. calabura in the management of both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.
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Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Scar Powder
Herbal formulations have gained significant attention due to their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic agents. The present study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of a polyherbal scar powder composed of sandalwood powder, turmeric powder, neem leaf powder, licorice root powder, and multani mitti (Fuller’s earth). These ingredients are traditionally known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and skin-rejuvenating properties. The formulation was prepared using simple blending techniques and evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as organoleptic properties, particle size, pH, moisture content, and stability. The results indicated that the herbal scar powder possesses desirable characteristics and shows potential in reducing scars, pigmentation, and improving skin texture. This study supports the use of herbal remedies as an effective and economical alternative for scar management.
Gastrointestinal Motility Patterns: Mechanisms, Disorders, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is a complex, coordinated process essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and waste elimination. Proper motility depends on the integrated function of smooth muscle layers, the enteric nervous system (ENS), hormonal signaling, and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Disruption of these mechanisms results in clinically significant motility disorders such as achalasia, gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Advances in diagnostic tools including high-resolution manometry, wireless motility capsules, electrogastrography, and imaging modalities have enhanced understanding of physiological and pathological motility patterns. Emerging research highlights the importance of the gut-brain axis, immune signaling, microbiome interactions, and molecular pathways in regulating gastrointestinal function. This review summarizes normal motility patterns, regulatory mechanisms, pathophysiology of motility disorders, current pharmacological approaches, and future therapeutic targets.
Pharmacological Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Plants and Isolation of Active Compounds
The present study was undertaken to isolate, characterize, and evaluate bioactive phytoconstituents from the bark of Cordia dichotoma, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine. Medicinal plants serve as an important source of therapeutic agents due to the presence of diverse secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit significant pharmacological activities. The bark of Cordia dichotoma was collected, authenticated, and subjected to pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation to establish its identity, purity, and quality. Successive solvent extraction was carried out using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Among the extracts obtained, the ethanolic extract showed the highest yield and was rich in phytoconstituents. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of various bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Further analysis through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR enabled the identification and characterization of isolated compounds, including naringenin chalcone and bopindolol. Quantitative estimation revealed that the ethanolic extract possessed the highest total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, indicating strong antioxidant potential. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH assay, where the extract exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrated promising anti-asthmatic activity of the extract by inhibiting histamine-induced contractions. The overall findings validate the traditional use of Cordia dichotoma and highlight its potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications.
A Review on Clinical Features of Tomato Flu Virus
Tomato flu is an emerging viral illness reported mainly in children under five years of age in India, characterized by fever and distinctive red, tomato-like vesicular lesions. It is likely associated with enteroviral infections, particularly Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Transmission occurs through close contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated surfaces. The disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, making differential diagnosis important to distinguish it from infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and varicella. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and management is supportive, including hydration, antipyretics, and isolation. Although generally self-limiting with a favorable prognosis, preventive measures such as hygiene practices and infection control are essential to limit spread. Further research is needed to better understand its etiology, improve diagnostic approaches, and develop targeted therapies.
A Prospective Study on Assessment of Surgical and Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment Pattern in Women with Endometriosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Endometriosis is a female reproductive system disorder where the endometrium-like tissue develops outside of the uterus; it usually affects the ovaries and peritoneum, causing premenstrual discomfort and dysmenorrhea. Aim: The study aimed to assess Surgical and Pharmacotherapeutic treatment pattern in women with endometriosis in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in Gynecology department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 45 patients were enrolled in the study. Results and Discussion: In our study female patients were more 25 (55.55 %) compared to male patients 20(44.445%). In our study rural area patients were more 26(57.77 %), compared to urban area patients were 19 (42.22 %). Risk factors of Endometriosis includes Irregular menstrual cycle patients were more 18 (40%) compared to other risk factors. Drug prescribing pattern for endometriosis includes NSAIDs prescribed patients were more 10 (22.22%), compared to other drugs. Conclusion: The study concludes that periodic drug prescribing must be verified to promote rational and optimal use of healthcare resources. The effective clinical intervention programme are required to promote more appropriate use of drugs.
Formulation and Evaluation of a Polyherbal Refreshing Drink with Antioxidant Potential
The consumption of carbonated soft drinks containing high levels of sugar, artificial additives, and preservatives has been associated with various health problems including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dental disorders. Herbal refreshing drinks represent a promising alternative as functional beverages that provide hydration along with therapeutic benefits derived from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal refreshing drink using selected medicinal herbs such as Mentha piperita, Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber officinale, Emblica officinalis, Citrus limon, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Citrus reticulata. Three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared by varying the concentrations of herbal extracts and sweetening agents. The formulations were evaluated for organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, and microbiological safety. The results revealed that all formulations exhibited acceptable sensory and physicochemical properties with pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.8 and total soluble solids between 8–12 °Brix. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Antioxidant evaluation demonstrated significant radical scavenging activity, with F3 showing the highest inhibition (82%), followed by F2 (74%). Microbiological analysis confirmed that all formulations were within permissible microbial limits. Among the tested formulations, F2 demonstrated the best balance between antioxidant potential and sensory acceptability. The developed polyherbal refreshing drink can serve as a natural functional beverage and a healthier alternative to synthetic soft drinks.
Development and Evaluation of Nigella sativa L. Topical Cosmeceutical Formulations with Antiacne Activity
The inflammation of the skin's sebaceous follicles is the cause of acne vulgaris. Certain bacterial species, such as Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, are responsible for its initiation. Novel therapeutic treatments for acne vulgaris must be introduced due to the development of antibiotic resistance by these microorganisms and side effects from the present treatment regimens. In order to create new gel formulations from Nigella sativa L. seeds and assess their antibacterial efficacy against certain bacterial species that cause acne, this study was conducted. Using the agar well diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity of seed extracts was first tested against S. aureus and P. acnes. After that, topical gels were created using three distinct strengths of N. sativa seed ethyl acetate extract. The stability of these topical formulations was assessed over a 30-day period, and antibacterial activity experiments were conducted S. aureus and P. acnes growth was inhibited by all three formulations; however, the formulation containing 15% of the seed extract exhibited the most antibacterial action. Remarkably, this formulation's antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus outperformed that of the commercial synthetic product that served as the positive control. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy was maintained during the storage period, and no changes in color, odor, homogeneity, washability, consistency, or pH were seen. Topical gel formulations made from N. sativa ethyl acetate extract have strong antibacterial activity, indicating their potential as substitutes for current antiacne medications in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
A Study on Assessment of Corticosteroid Drug Induced Psychosis and Treatment Based Outcomes
Introduction: Corticosteroids are integral to treatment across various medical domains. They are synthetic analogs of natural steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex like glucocorticoids (GCs), mineralocorticoids and sexual hormones. Aim: The study aimed to assess corticosteroid drug induced psychosis and treatment based outcomes. Methodology: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in General Medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 85 patients were enrolled in the study. Results & Discussion: In our study 46-55 years age patients were more 33(28.82%) compared to other ages. In our study Male patients were more 51 (60 %), compared to Female patients were 34(40 %). The oral route drug administration patients were more 56 (65.88%), compared to parenteral route drug administration patients were 29(34.11%). The Management of steroid drug induced psychosis includes Psychological support patients were more 39(45.88%) compare to Psychological therapy patients were 22(25.88%), Psychological interventions patients were 24(28.23%). The Treatment for steroid drug induced psychosis includes Lithium prescribed patients were more 25 (29.41%) compare to other prescribed drugs. Conclusion: The effective diagnosis primarily involves excluding other potential causes, while prevention primarily focuses on minimizing dosages and avoiding the unnecessary prolongation of drug treatment. Although steroid-induced psychosis can typically be managed by tapering and discontinuing the offending steroid, patients may still experience persistent mood disturbances and psychosis.
Current Perspectives on Urolithiasis: Etiology, Clinical Presentation, Therapeutic Advances & Anti-Urolithiatic Evaluation Methods
Urolithiasis is a prevalent urinary tract disorder marked by the formation of stones in the kidneys or other parts of the urinary system. Its incidence is rising worldwide due to lifestyle changes, dietary habits, climatic factors and metabolic abnormalities. Kidney stones are seen about twice as often in men compared to women. Stone formation is a multifactorial process involving urinary supersaturation, crystal nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention within renal tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, epidemiology, types of stones and mechanism of stone formation, diagnosis and current alternative treatment approaches for Urolithiasis such as surgical interventions, pharmacotherapy and phytotherapy, in-vivo and in-vitro evaluation models of urolithiasis. Various dietary and lifestyle modifications have potential to prevent urolithiasis and recurrences. The diagnostic methods and preventive approaches along with complete removal of stones will improve the management of urolithiasis. In vitro and in vivo evaluation methods for urolithiasis help researchers better understand stone formation and support the development of effective antiurolithiatic compounds.
Phytopharmacological Profiling of Linum Usitatissimum.L (Flax Seeds)-A Comprehensive Review
Linum usitatissimum L., commonly known as flaxseed or linseed, is a widely utilized medicinal and nutritional plant belonging to the family Linaceace. It has been traditionally consumed for its laxative, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties and has gained significant scientific attention due to its rich phytochemical composition. Flaxseeds are a valuable source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid,) lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside), dietary fibers, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and essential minerals. This review comprehensively summarizes the plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of flaxseeds based on in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Experimental and clinical evidence highlights their beneficial effects in the management of cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, inflammatory disorders, cancer, renal disorders and postmenopausal complications. The multifaceted pharmacological actions of flaxseeds are primarily attributed to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hormone-modulating properties. Overall, flaxseeds represent a promising nutraceutical with significant therapeutic potential for the prevention and management of chronic metabolic and degenerative diseases
RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
A new method was established for simultaneous estimation of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin by using Agilent C18 column (4.6×150mm) 5µ, flow rate was 1ml/min, mobile phase ratio was (70:30v/v) methanol: phosphate buffer (KH2PO4and K2HPO4) phosphate pH 3 (pH was adjusted with orthophosphoricacid), detection wavelength was 254 nm. The retention times were found to be 3.345 mins and 2.523 mins. The % purity of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin was found to be 99.87% and 100.27% respectively. The system suitability parameters for Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 2885, 1.27 and 2235 and 1.3, the resolution was found to be 3.4. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin in API and Pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Evaluation of cardioprotective activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cordia sebestinato against myocardial infarction
Intake of diets rich in antioxidant from medicinal plants have been reported to be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was aimed to appraise the protective role of Cordia sebestinato leaf extract in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) to male albino Wistar rats, exhibited a significant raise in the levels/activities of cardiac marker such as The present study reveals that ISO treatment resulted in marked elevation in the level of cardiac marker enzymes like CK-MB, AST, ALT, LDH and ALP in serum, serum lipid profiles such as HDL, LDL, VLDL,TGA, and Cholesterol are observed such that there is marked decrease in the levels of HDL in ISO treated group was observed. Pretreatment with Cordia sebestinato (200 and 400 mg/kg) daily for a period of 31days positively altered the activities of cardiac markers and other biochemical parameters to isoproterenol-induced rats. Thus, the results of our study demonstrate that Cordia sebestinato possess cardioprotective role against experimentally induced cardiac toxicity.
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Development and Evaluation of Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System for Glaucoma
This study aimed to develop ocuserts of Pefloxacin mesylate using various polymers (PVA, HPMC, PVP, and HEC) through solvent casting. The resulting films were smooth and transparent, although variations in thickness were observed. The formulation PD3, containing HEC, demonstrated high moisture absorption, while PA1 exhibited moisture loss. The ocuserts had a thickness ranging from 0.14±0.022mm to 0.225±0.045mm and weights from 10.14±0.12mg to 17.25±0.11mg. In vitro drug release studies of PD3 indicated prolonged release, with approximately 47.2% of the drug released within 12 hours, following zero-order kinetics. Ex vivo studies of PD3 showed a release of approximately 51.3%. The developed ocuserts displayed controlled release properties and uniform characteristics, suggesting their potential as an effective ophthalmic delivery system for Pefloxacin mesylate, reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance.
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Analytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Lumacftor and Ivacaftor in Pharamaceutical Dosage Form by Using RP-HPLC
A simple, precise, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in compliance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Chromatographic separation was performed using an Agilent C18 column (4.5 × 150 mm, 5.0 µm) with a mobile phase of methanol and phosphate buffer (70:30 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection at 254 nm. The method exhibited excellent system suitability parameters, with a resolution of 5.23, tailing factors <2, and plate counts exceeding 2000 for both drugs. Linearity was established over the range of 20–100 µg/mL for Lumacaftor and 12.5–62.5 µg/mL for Ivacaftor, with correlation coefficients of 0.9996 and 0.9999, respectively. Precision studies showed %RSD values below 0.5%, and accuracy tests confirmed recoveries of 99.5% for Lumacaftor and 100.3% for Ivacaftor, all within the acceptance range of 98–102%. The limits of detection (LOD) were found to be 0.66 µg/mL and 0.44 µg/mL, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.28 µg/mL and 1.50 µg/mL for Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor, respectively. Robustness studies indicated no significant variation in performance with small deliberate changes in chromatographic conditions. The validated method is accurate, specific, sensitive, and reliable, making it suitable for routine quality control, regulatory compliance, and batch release testing of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor in pharmaceutical formulations.
Application of Quality by Design (QBD) to the Development and Valiadtion of Ensitrelvir Fumeric Acid in Tablet Dosage form by RP-HPLC
This study aimed to develop mouth-disintegrating tablets of Flurbiprofen through a straightforward and scalable direct compression method, accompanied by a reliable UV-Visible spectrophotometric assay for drug analysis. The optimized UV method, performed in 0.1N HCl, identified a maximum absorbance at 257nm, enabling accurate quantification of Flurbiprofen within tablet formulations. Tablets were formulated using common super disintegrants sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, and croscarmellose sodium and evaluated for critical quality characteristics such as hardness, friability, weight variation, and drug content, all of which met pharmacopeial standards. In vitro dissolution studies revealed rapid drug release across all batches, with the crospovidone based formulation demonstrating superior performance by releasing nearly 99% of the drug within 30 minutes. Comparative analysis confirmed that crospovidone facilitated faster dissolution compared to other super disintegrants under the test conditions. The study successfully achieved the goal of formulating efficient, patient-friendly Flurbiprofen mouth-disintegrating tablets with minimal excipients and a simple manufacturing approach, supported by a practical and robust analytical method for quality assurance.
Development, Optimization and Evaluation of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Fast Dissolving Tablet by Solid Dispersion Method
Formulation and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablet of Dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor requiring precise quantification and optimized formulation for effective therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to develop a reliable analytical method and formulate enteric-coated capsules with enhanced dissolution and controlled release profiles. A UV-Visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated using 6.8 phosphate buffer, measuring absorbance at 238 nm across 2 to 10 µg/ml concentrations. Solid dispersions of Dexlansoprazole with HP-β-cyclodextrin were prepared to improve solubility. Powder blends were evaluated for flow and compressibility prior to direct compression of enteric-coated capsules. Post-compression parameters and in vitro dissolution profiles were assessed. The spectrophotometric method showed excellent linearity and precision. Solid dispersions significantly increased dissolution rates, with over 90% drug release within an hour. The powder blends exhibited consistent flow properties suitable for manufacturing. Capsules met pharmacopeial standards concerning weight variation, thickness, friability, drug content, and hardness. In vitro dissolution demonstrated sustained and nearly complete drug release over 12 hours. Kinetic analyses indicated a diffusion-controlled release mechanism involving anomalous transport. The study successfully formulated robust Dexlansoprazole enteric-coated capsules with enhanced dissolution and controlled release characteristics, indicating potential for improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
A Review on Bipolar Disorders and Future Recommendations for Its Management in the Community
Bipolar disorders include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, other specified bipolar and related disorders, and bipolar or related disorders, unspecified. Bipolar disorder is often difficult to recognize because symptoms overlap with other psychiatric disorders, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity is common, and patients may lack insight into their conditions, particularly hypomania. People with bipolar disorder‐II typically have their first encounter with the treatment system due to depression, which accounts for over 80% of the time ill. Bipolar I disorder starts on average at 18 years and bipolar II disorder at 22 years. The National Comorbidity Study showed onset typically between 18 and 44, with higher rates between 18 and 34 than 35 and 54. Bipolar disorder's precise causes are not fully understood. However, research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors contributes to the development of the disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. The symptoms can vary in intensity and duration, and individuals with bipolar disorder may also experience periods of stable mood. Bipolar disorder cannot be entirely avoided. To stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse, treatment should be sought as soon as a mental health disorder manifests. Bipolar disorder is typically treated with a regimen of drugs, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. The goal of treatment is to stabilize mood, manage symptoms, prevent relapses, and improve overall functioning. The specific treatment plan depends on the individual's unique needs and the severity of their symptoms. There is a need for crucial plan and to work closely with a qualified healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, to develop and maintain an effective treatment regimen would minimize the bipolar disorders progression in the community.
The nail unit is a dynamic complex which forms an important part of the integument. This complex consists of the nail matrix (NM), nail bed (NB), hyponychium, nail fold (NF) and the nail plate (NP). Psoriasis is a cutaneous disorder that causes increased cell proliferation and affects skin and nails. Nail psoriasis is the most common nail disorder that is associated with pitting, leukonychia, ‘oil drop’ (salmon patches), nail bed hyperkeratosis and cutaneous psoriasis. Topical therapy of nail psoriasis consists of high-potency corticosteroids applied around and under the nail with or without occlusion and other treatments such as PUVA (psoralen plus ultraviolet light of the A wavelength), methotrexate, cyclosporin, or etretinate are also available. The present review gives information about the different psoriatic conditions of the nail along with the treatment procedure.
Copyright (c) 2014 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Past Decade work done on fast Dissolving Oral Films
The most popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules particularly pediatric and geriatric patients and do not take their medicines as prescribed because difficulty in swallowing. To overcome these difficulties, several fast dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed. Fast dissolving oral film is relatively a new dosage form in which thin film is prepared using hydrophilic polymers, which rapidly dissolves on tongue or buccal cavity. An ideal film should be prepared by using different ingredients. A study on different polymers, sweeteners, plasticizers, solubilizers used for fast dissolving oral films are done.
Environmental Conservation: Key to Sustainable Development
The blue planet which is gifted by all suitable situations for life is currently struggling for its existence mainly due to various anthrapogenic actions. Forests are disappearing at a rapid pace. For years the forest resources have been exploited for quick revenue return. Mining is another cause of deforestation due to which there is loss of bio­diversity and ecological imbalance. To achieve the goals of sustainable development, participation of public is must which is possible only when the public is aware about the ecological and environmental issues. Two key aspects for sustainable development are Inter-generational equity and Intra-generational equity. Inter-generational equity emphasizes that we should hand over a safe, healthy and resourceful environment to our future generations. This can be possible only if we stop over-exploitation of resources, reduce waste discharge and emissions and maintain ecological balance.