World Journal of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Development and Evaluation of Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System for Glaucoma
This study aimed to develop ocuserts of Pefloxacin mesylate using various polymers (PVA, HPMC, PVP, and HEC) through solvent casting. The resulting films were smooth and transparent, although variations in thickness were observed. The formulation PD3, containing HEC, demonstrated high moisture absorption, while PA1 exhibited moisture loss. The ocuserts had a thickness ranging from 0.14±0.022mm to 0.225±0.045mm and weights from 10.14±0.12mg to 17.25±0.11mg. In vitro drug release studies of PD3 indicated prolonged release, with approximately 47.2% of the drug released within 12 hours, following zero-order kinetics. Ex vivo studies of PD3 showed a release of approximately 51.3%. The developed ocuserts displayed controlled release properties and uniform characteristics, suggesting their potential as an effective ophthalmic delivery system for Pefloxacin mesylate, reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance.
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Analytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Lumacftor and Ivacaftor in Pharamaceutical Dosage Form by Using RP-HPLC
A simple, precise, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in compliance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Chromatographic separation was performed using an Agilent C18 column (4.5 × 150 mm, 5.0 µm) with a mobile phase of methanol and phosphate buffer (70:30 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection at 254 nm. The method exhibited excellent system suitability parameters, with a resolution of 5.23, tailing factors <2, and plate counts exceeding 2000 for both drugs. Linearity was established over the range of 20–100 µg/mL for Lumacaftor and 12.5–62.5 µg/mL for Ivacaftor, with correlation coefficients of 0.9996 and 0.9999, respectively. Precision studies showed %RSD values below 0.5%, and accuracy tests confirmed recoveries of 99.5% for Lumacaftor and 100.3% for Ivacaftor, all within the acceptance range of 98–102%. The limits of detection (LOD) were found to be 0.66 µg/mL and 0.44 µg/mL, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.28 µg/mL and 1.50 µg/mL for Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor, respectively. Robustness studies indicated no significant variation in performance with small deliberate changes in chromatographic conditions. The validated method is accurate, specific, sensitive, and reliable, making it suitable for routine quality control, regulatory compliance, and batch release testing of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor in pharmaceutical formulations.
Application of Quality by Design (QBD) to the Development and Valiadtion of Ensitrelvir Fumeric Acid in Tablet Dosage form by RP-HPLC
This study aimed to develop mouth-disintegrating tablets of Flurbiprofen through a straightforward and scalable direct compression method, accompanied by a reliable UV-Visible spectrophotometric assay for drug analysis. The optimized UV method, performed in 0.1N HCl, identified a maximum absorbance at 257nm, enabling accurate quantification of Flurbiprofen within tablet formulations. Tablets were formulated using common super disintegrants sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, and croscarmellose sodium and evaluated for critical quality characteristics such as hardness, friability, weight variation, and drug content, all of which met pharmacopeial standards. In vitro dissolution studies revealed rapid drug release across all batches, with the crospovidone based formulation demonstrating superior performance by releasing nearly 99% of the drug within 30 minutes. Comparative analysis confirmed that crospovidone facilitated faster dissolution compared to other super disintegrants under the test conditions. The study successfully achieved the goal of formulating efficient, patient-friendly Flurbiprofen mouth-disintegrating tablets with minimal excipients and a simple manufacturing approach, supported by a practical and robust analytical method for quality assurance.
Development, Optimization and Evaluation of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Fast Dissolving Tablet by Solid Dispersion Method
Formulation and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablet of Dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor requiring precise quantification and optimized formulation for effective therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to develop a reliable analytical method and formulate enteric-coated capsules with enhanced dissolution and controlled release profiles. A UV-Visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated using 6.8 phosphate buffer, measuring absorbance at 238 nm across 2 to 10 µg/ml concentrations. Solid dispersions of Dexlansoprazole with HP-β-cyclodextrin were prepared to improve solubility. Powder blends were evaluated for flow and compressibility prior to direct compression of enteric-coated capsules. Post-compression parameters and in vitro dissolution profiles were assessed. The spectrophotometric method showed excellent linearity and precision. Solid dispersions significantly increased dissolution rates, with over 90% drug release within an hour. The powder blends exhibited consistent flow properties suitable for manufacturing. Capsules met pharmacopeial standards concerning weight variation, thickness, friability, drug content, and hardness. In vitro dissolution demonstrated sustained and nearly complete drug release over 12 hours. Kinetic analyses indicated a diffusion-controlled release mechanism involving anomalous transport. The study successfully formulated robust Dexlansoprazole enteric-coated capsules with enhanced dissolution and controlled release characteristics, indicating potential for improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
A Review on Bipolar Disorders and Future Recommendations for Its Management in the Community
Bipolar disorders include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, other specified bipolar and related disorders, and bipolar or related disorders, unspecified. Bipolar disorder is often difficult to recognize because symptoms overlap with other psychiatric disorders, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity is common, and patients may lack insight into their conditions, particularly hypomania. People with bipolar disorder‐II typically have their first encounter with the treatment system due to depression, which accounts for over 80% of the time ill. Bipolar I disorder starts on average at 18 years and bipolar II disorder at 22 years. The National Comorbidity Study showed onset typically between 18 and 44, with higher rates between 18 and 34 than 35 and 54. Bipolar disorder's precise causes are not fully understood. However, research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors contributes to the development of the disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. The symptoms can vary in intensity and duration, and individuals with bipolar disorder may also experience periods of stable mood. Bipolar disorder cannot be entirely avoided. To stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse, treatment should be sought as soon as a mental health disorder manifests. Bipolar disorder is typically treated with a regimen of drugs, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. The goal of treatment is to stabilize mood, manage symptoms, prevent relapses, and improve overall functioning. The specific treatment plan depends on the individual's unique needs and the severity of their symptoms. There is a need for crucial plan and to work closely with a qualified healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, to develop and maintain an effective treatment regimen would minimize the bipolar disorders progression in the community.
The nail unit is a dynamic complex which forms an important part of the integument. This complex consists of the nail matrix (NM), nail bed (NB), hyponychium, nail fold (NF) and the nail plate (NP). Psoriasis is a cutaneous disorder that causes increased cell proliferation and affects skin and nails. Nail psoriasis is the most common nail disorder that is associated with pitting, leukonychia, ‘oil drop’ (salmon patches), nail bed hyperkeratosis and cutaneous psoriasis. Topical therapy of nail psoriasis consists of high-potency corticosteroids applied around and under the nail with or without occlusion and other treatments such as PUVA (psoralen plus ultraviolet light of the A wavelength), methotrexate, cyclosporin, or etretinate are also available. The present review gives information about the different psoriatic conditions of the nail along with the treatment procedure.
Copyright (c) 2014 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Past Decade work done on fast Dissolving Oral Films
The most popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules particularly pediatric and geriatric patients and do not take their medicines as prescribed because difficulty in swallowing. To overcome these difficulties, several fast dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed. Fast dissolving oral film is relatively a new dosage form in which thin film is prepared using hydrophilic polymers, which rapidly dissolves on tongue or buccal cavity. An ideal film should be prepared by using different ingredients. A study on different polymers, sweeteners, plasticizers, solubilizers used for fast dissolving oral films are done.
Environmental Conservation: Key to Sustainable Development
The blue planet which is gifted by all suitable situations for life is currently struggling for its existence mainly due to various anthrapogenic actions. Forests are disappearing at a rapid pace. For years the forest resources have been exploited for quick revenue return. Mining is another cause of deforestation due to which there is loss of bio­diversity and ecological imbalance. To achieve the goals of sustainable development, participation of public is must which is possible only when the public is aware about the ecological and environmental issues. Two key aspects for sustainable development are Inter-generational equity and Intra-generational equity. Inter-generational equity emphasizes that we should hand over a safe, healthy and resourceful environment to our future generations. This can be possible only if we stop over-exploitation of resources, reduce waste discharge and emissions and maintain ecological balance.
Phytochemicial Screening and Antibacterial Property of Centella Asiatica (Linn).
The use of medicinal plants as a source for relief from illness can be traced back over five millennia from start of human civilization. Medicinal plant represents a rich source of antimicrobial agents. Plants are used as also a source of many potent and power full drugs. Historically pharmacological screening of compounds of natural or synthetic origin has been the source of innumerable therapeutic agents. A wide range of medicinal plant parts is used for extract as raw drugs and they possess varied properties. The plant used for the present study was Centella asiatica. Which is a very common plant and was traditionally used for various purposes, especially as single medicinal therapy. The present study mainly focused on the phytochemical, antibacterial property of the plant Centella asiatica. The leaf and root of the plant is used for the analysis. Methanol and petroleum ether were used as solvents for preparing the extracts. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant Centella asiatica contains most of the important phytochemicals such as carboxylic acid, flavanoids, saponin, resin, Xanthoprotein, coumarins etc. These plant extract were also tested against three bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebisiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the extract showed good inhibitory activity. The methanol leaf and petroleum ether root showed maximum inhibitory activity. Among the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus was most effectively inhibited by the plant extract.
Isolation and Purfication of Xylanase from Bacillus Cereus by Submerged State Fermentation
Enzymes are important classes of globular proteins of biological origin that act as biochemical catalysts. Xylanase catalyses the hydrolysis of complex sugars (xylan) to simpler sugars (xylose) and also important in bioconversion of hemicellulose into the constituents sugar. Xylanases shows great potential for industrial applications mainly for the bioconversion of lignocelluloses to sugars, ethanol and other substances, clarification of juices and wines, improving the nutritional quality of silage and green feed and the deinking process of waste papers. The soil samples were collected and the Bacillus cereus was isolated by spread plate method. The isolated organism was screened by xylan agar medium. The fermentation media was characterized based on effect of substrate feeding, effect of temperature, effect of initial pH, effect of incubation time and effect of inoculums. At optimised medium the pure culture was inoculated and shake flask and bioreactor were carried out. The germinated crude extract was collected and the enzyme activity was estimated. The crude enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and ion exchange chromatography and the molecular mass of enzyme was determined by SDS PAGE. The purified enzyme was immobilized by sodium alginate entrapment method.
Biodegradation of Indigo Blue Dye using the Soil and Sludge Isolate of the Effluent Run off Site
Cloths are of high demand from centuries as it implies the personality of a human being; hence the textile industry has established a wide empire over the time. Textile industries consume large volumes of water and chemicals during manufacture and processing. Colour is the first contaminant to be recognized in textile waste water and has to be removed before discharging into water bodies or onto land. Azo dyes account for 60–80 % of the dyes consumed in the textile processing. Indigo blue dye is used mostly in all jean manufacturing textile industries. To decolourise the indigo blue dye, the soil and sludge was collected from different jean manufacturing industries in Coimbatore district. Indigo blue dye degrading organisms were screened using Zhou and Zimmerman (ZZ) screening media after serially diluting the collected samples. After screening and isolating the best dye decolouriser from the samples, optimizations of the dye degrading conditions were carried out. Different factors like temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, metallic salts, inoculam size and time course of decolourization was selected as optimization parameters. The best degrader was found to be Bacillus sp. From the optimization analysis, the suitable optimized condition for the isolate, Bacillus sp. was identified as sucrose (1%), ammonium chloride (0.25%), temperature (45oC), pH (8.0), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (84.96%) and inoculum dose (2%). The time required for effective decolourization (98%) of the indigo blue dye was estimated to be 48 hours. Thereby the results suggest Bacillus sp. isolated from the effluent discharge showed a potential of degrading the selected indigo dye at a faster rate and these properties are found to be useful for the bioremediation of textile industry effluent.
Status and Ecology of Sarus Crane, Grus Antigone in District Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh
The Indian Sarus Crane, Grus antigone is forced to use habitats that resemble natural wetlands, i.e. flooded paddy fields, and thus become more vulnerable. Today, the best Sarus Crane populations are found in areas which have a mix of natural wetlands in the landscape, and where the traditional major crop has been rice, e.g. as in South Western Uttar Pradesh. There are hardly any areas left in the country where pesticides are not used to improve the production of crops. As a result, deaths due to poisoning after application of pesticides are perhaps the most important threat for the state bird of Uttar Pradesh presently, next only to the destruction of its natural habitat. Because of its proximity to humans and their activities, most of the other threats that the Sarus faces also revolve around anthropogenic activities. These include removal of eggs and chicks from nests by the villagers, feral dogs, crows etc. for food when adults leave to defend territories. Sarus Crane is also considered inauspicious by the village folks and therefore they drive them away from their village. To quantify this conflict and its impact on the population, and to provide information for a management strategy to conserve the Sarus Crane particularly in an agricultural landscape, author undertook a detailed study on status and ecology of the Sarus Crane in district Sitapur.
Impact of Herbicide (Atrazine) on the Biochemical Components of the Fish, Labeo Rohita
The biochemical components like protein, carbohydrate and cholesterol were estimated quantitatively in the tissues of liver, kidney, muscle and gill of control and herbicide treated fishes. The fishes were treated with the sub lethal concentration of 3ppm for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The protein, carbohydrate and lipid level of liver, kidney, muscle and gill of the control fish was very high when compared with the treated ones. In treated fish the protein content of tissues were greatly reduced. Maximum reduction was observed at 72 hours exposure. The carbohydrate and cholesterol content of the tissues are showed similar declining trend at different exposure periods. Studies on the toxic effects of atrazine on fish have shown varied responses according to the type of species and dosages.
Effect of Lindane to enzyme activity in the tissues of Liver, Muscle and Brain of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio
The wide spread use of synthetic organic pesticides over decades has let to their frequent exposure in the environment. Also acute and chronic exposures of humans to pesticides occur during their commercial production and their application. Synthetic pesticides are deliberately sprayed on crops or agricultural land to increase food production but these agrochemicals are not very selective in producing their effects. They are toxic to many non-target species and contaminate the environment. Hence, a need was felt to investigate a effect of sublethal exposure of Organ chlorine pesticide Lindane to enzyme content of GOT, GPT, ALP, ACP and LDH in the liver, muscle and brain of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. At the end of each exposure period, fishes were sacrificed and tissues were removed and analyzed for enzyme activity. It was found that GOT, GPT and LDH increased to the maximum level (after Lindane exposure) when compared to the controls (100%) and ACP,ALP were decreased from the control at 10, 20 and 30 days in the liver, muscle and brain, respectively at LC50 exposure. The median lethal concentration was found to be 0.32 ppm.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based high throughput drug screening for the determination of antineoplastic activity of natural compounds from herbs
Objectives: In the present experiment a very useful cell-based high throughput screening method that uses a novel bio-sensor which specifically identifies apoptosis based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology. Methodology: A stable HeLa cell line expressing a FRET-based bio-sensor protein was produced. Cells undergoing apoptosis have an activated enzyme ‘caspase-3’ which is a protease this activated enzyme breaks sensor protein and causes the fluorescence emission spectra to shift from 590 nm to 512 nm changing color from yellowish green to blue. A reduction in the green/blue emission ratio indicated apoptosis. After growing the sensor cells in 96-well plates different chemical compounds are added to the wells wherein the fluorescent profile was measured using fluorescent plate reader. Results: It is a novel cell based HTS method and was proved to be highly effective and sensitive process for detecting anti-neoplastic compounds which induce apoptosis. In this experiment we screened compounds obtained from two plants used in Indian medicines.
Meticulousness of Environmental Biotechnology for Decontaminating Wastewater
Water pollution problems, due to industrial effluents in aquatic environments (lakes, rivers, estuaries & coastal waters), are increasing day by day as industrial effluent waste is degrading ecosystem, global water cycle and environment. Applications of biological agents (organisms or their components), along with physical, chemical & engineering processes to maintain, protect and restore the environment are involved in Environmental Biotechnology (EB). Analytical analysis and tests like BOD, COD, TSS and TS, etc. are required to assess the pollution load and strength of waste to be treated in most efficient manner. Biological treatment, bioremediation and natural attenuation have been a rapidly growing area of science over the past decade. Natural attenuation is viewed as the best solution for cleaning up many waste sites and will save billions of dollars in cleanup costs. The biotreatment, bioremediation and Natural Attenuation area have both basic research and field application foci for the EB. The field application foci are co-metabolic techniques, biogeochemical assessment techniques, and modeling of attenuation and environmental fate. There is further scope for research for modification and applications in physical and chemical engineering processes (like creation of more channels for treatment of effluent wastes, increase in retention time of effluent during various stages so that more biodegradation & bioremediation can be achieved) and applications of genetically improved better strains of microbes to control effluent pollution more efficiently.
Fire Flame Bush, Shiranjitea (Woodfordia fructicosa L.) with Folklore Therapeutic Reputation in Ecstatic Intensified Wellbeing
Woodfordia fruticosa L. belonging to family Lythraceae is an ecologically as well as economically important shrub species of tropical dry mixed forests Woodfordia fruticosa L. is endemic to India. It is used as ingredient in many products for its medicinal values. At the same time, it is also used as a fermenting agent in Asava and Arishta (such as Dashamoolarishta). Present study report on the economic and medicinal uses of Woodfordio fruticosa. Woodfordio fruticosa can be categorised as an important minor produce as the entire plant has some or the other uses; to specify flower, inflorescence, leaves and barks particularly possess tremendous medicinal properties. Woodfordia is a accepted source of ayurvedic drugs throughout India. The flowers are acrid, astringent, styptic, depurative, utreine sadative, constipating, antibacterial, corrective of urinary pigments, febrifuge and alexeteric. They are useful in the conditions of kapha and pitta, leprosy, burning sensation, skindiseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, headache, hemorrhoids, herpes, internal hemorrhage, leukorrhea, liver disorders, menorrhagia, ulcers, wounds. Juice of leaves are used in bilious sickness. They are also valued as a stimulant in pregnancy. Dried flower powder is used in ulcers and wounds to reduce the discharge and promote granulation. The extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers showed the presence of carbohydrates, gums, flavonoids, sterols and phenolic compounds/tannins. Extracts and metabolites of this plant, particularly those from flowers and leaves, possess useful pharmacological activities. There is no adverse effect on usage of this plant. A wide range of chemical compounds including tannins (especially those of the macrocyclic hydrolysable class), flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides and polyphenols are found in the plant, which renders Fire Flame Blush its pharmacological properties. The astringent properties of the herb are effective in treating skin disorders, superficial wounds and cuts. As a nervous central nervous system stimulant, Fire Flame Bush relieves depression and lethargy. This is bush is largely used in native medicine. This enters into the composition of many preparations, decoctions, churnas and ghritas for various diseases, but chiefly dysentery nd diarrhoea by reason of its being highly astringent22. The juice of its fresh flowers applied on the forehead, reduces the headache. Utilization profile and economics of the plant has been discussed, with some investigatory findings added therapeutic nuance have been dileneated in the preset manuscript. A comprehensive account of the chemical constituents and the biological activities is presented and a critical appraisal of the ethnopharmacological issues is included in view of the many recent findings of importance on this plant.
A Comprehensive Overview on the Widely Used Technologies and Processes in Food Processing Sector: A Scientific Outlook
Fermentation is a microbial technique and the reaction to be controlled in favorable and desirable conditions for food safety and quality after fermentation, especially in the production of alcoholic premium quality beverages like beer, wine and cider. The same technology is employed in the bred manufacturing industries for leavening activity brought about by the production of carbon dioxide by the microbial or yeast activity. The preservation effect during fermentation is attributed to the production of lactic acid in sour foods such as yoghurt, dry sausages, pickles, sauerkraut and vinegar (extremely diluted acetic acid). Extrusion technique is a process in food processing technology which combines several unit operations including mixing, cooking, kneading, shearing, shaping and forming. Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food processing. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades. The machine which forces the mix through the die is an extruder, and the mix is known as the extrudate. The extruder consists of a large, rotating screw tightly fitting within a stationary barrel, at the end of which is the die. Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency higher than ordinary radio waves but lower than infrared light. Microwaves refer to the electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 300 to 300,000 MHz. A microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition. Lower microwave frequencies with longer wavelengths have more penetrating effect.
Symbiosis of toll like Receptors and Dendritic cells in vaccine development
The activation of the adaptive immune system is generally dependent on antigen presenting cells i.e. dendritic cells and macrophages. One of members which are already present on dendritic cells i.e. Toll-like receptor is key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Accordingly, recent evidence from human studies and experimental animal models studies which implicates that toll like receptors played an important role in vaccine development. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered concerning the actual role of toll like receptors in dendritic cell. In this review, we discuss the proposed roles of toll like receptors in dendritic cells and correlates with vaccine development.
Anthelmintic activity of the seed of Anethum graveolens
The aim of present study was to evaluate anthelmintic potential of aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens using Pheretima posthuma as test worm. Three concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml) of aqueous extract and its various fractions were tested in the bioassay, which involved determination of time paralysis (P) and the time of death (D) of the worms. The results present study indicated that crude aqueous extract significantly demonstrated paralysis and also caused death of worms especially at higher concentration of (100 mg/ml) used as compared reference Albendazole. Allophylus serratus showed the best anthelmintic activity. Thus extracts exhibited anthelmintic activity and could be an inexpensive and readily available source of anthelmintic treatment.
Formulation and Characterization of Novel Self Micro emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Glimepiride
The purpose of preparing Self microemulsifying drug delivery system in this work is to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug, Glimepiride. SMEDDS are the isotropic mixture of surfactant, co-surfactant and oil incorporated with drug. In the aqueous media, gastro intestinal motility emulsification takes place. Glimepiride was undergone solubility studies in various surfactants, co-surfactants and oils. Pseudo ternary titrations were done using surfactants/co-surfactants and oil in different ratios against water. By these titrations pseudo ternary phase diagrams are constructed through which self-emulsifying region are identified Cremophor EL and Transcutol as surfactant and co-surfactant with sunflower oil are identified as optimized SMEDDS formulation for Glimepiride. FTIR analysis was done for investigating the drug excipient compatibility. Poorly water soluble new drug candidates are approximately 40%, whose oral delivery is frequently associated with implications of low bioavailability, high intra and inter subject variability and lack of dose proportionality. These drugs come under hydrophobic nature which is often dissolved in SMEDDS.
Formulation and evaluation of immediate release Tablet of piracetam
The aim of this study was to compare the disintegrants efficiency of the three super disintegrants Cross Povidone, Crosscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate by formulating Piracetam immediate release tablets by direct compression method. Disintegration efficiency of powder disintegrants compared by swelling and hydration capacity of disintegrants. Nine formulations having superdisintegrants at different concentration level were prepared. While efficiency of disintegrants in tablets compared by various test like weight variation, friability, hardness, thickness, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution studies of Piracetam immediate release tablets. The rapid disintegration observed for the Sodium starch glycolate containing tablets comparing three classes of super disintegrants represented by Sodium starch glycolate. Among all the formulations P7 was consider as optimized formulation containg of Sodium starch glycolate with drug release of 99.24%.
A Review on Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3) has a double-stranded DNA genome of 125 kb, encoding for approximately 71 open reading frames (ORFs). The herpesvirus family includes three subfamilies, α, β, and γ-herpesvirinae. VZV together with herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) belong to the α-herpesvirinae, characterized by establishment of latency in neurons. VZV is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella), a common infantile illness. Like all herpesviruses, VZV undergoes a lifelong latent state following primary infection. During latency, the viral DNA persists in the dorsal root ganglia and cranial root ganglia. VZV reactivation produces skin lesions characteristic of herpes zoster (shingles), causing significant morbidity, but rarely mortality. Herpes zoster is characterized by a localized rash in a unilateral, dermatomal distribution and is often associated with severe neuropathic pain. VZV is highly infectious and enters the body via the respiratory tract, followed by rapid spread from the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue to circulating T lymphocytes. After 10–21 days, the virus arrives at the skin, producing the typical vesicular rash characteristic of varicella. In most individuals, VZV infection results in lifelong immunity. A potential anti-VZV drug candidate needs to be at least as effective and safe as the gold standard of treatment for HZ, i.e., valacyclovir. It will need to have also some advantages over valacyclovir, such as longer intracellular half-life allowing once a day dosing, superior efficacy, independence of TK for activation and/or target another enzyme than the DNA polymerase.
Epilepsy is intermingled with the history of human existence, defined as a brain disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. The brain is involved in nearly every bodily function, including the higher cortical functions. If the affected cortical network is in the visual cortex, the clinical manifestations are visual phenomena. The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure, Alcohol may cause seizures either by direct intoxication or by withdrawal.
Copyright (c) 2015 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as Alzheimer disease, is the most common form of dementia. It is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur in much younger people. Alzheimer's disease is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder, the cause and progression of which are poorly understood. The disease process appears to be associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions are supportive. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission to mography (PET) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia. Moreover, it may predict conversion from prodromal stages (mild cognitive impairment) to Alzheimer's disease.
Meningitis is an inflammatory disease of meninges membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is more common in the neonatal period than any other time in life and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the majority of the burden occurring in the developing world, the majority of the existing literature originates from wealthy countries. Mortality from neonatal meningitis in developing countries is estimated to be 40–58%, against 10% in developed countries. Important differences exist in the spectrum of pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluid cultures in developed versus developing countries. Bacterial Meningitis diagnosed by staining methods. Group B streptococcus (GBS), Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes as important organisms, we describe how in the developing world results have varied; particularly regarding GBS, other Gram negatives (excluding E. coli), Listeria and Gram-positive organisms. The choices of antibiotics are take into consideration of the treatment.
Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and larvicidal potentials of leaves extracts of Andrographispaniculata
This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal and larvicidal potentials of leaves of Andrographispaniculata. In the present study, the microbial activity of ethonolic extracts of leaves of larvicidal was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extracts using agar disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli (20 mm), followed by Klebsiellapnuemoniae (13 mm). The lowest activity levels were observed against Proteus vulgaris and B.megaterium (6 mm each) and Antifungal activity against Aspergillusniger showing inhibition of 09 mm. The larvicidal activity were also shown good active against Ae Aegypti and Cxquinquesasciatus. These results suggest the leaf extracts of Andrographispaniculata as a promising adult emergence inhibitor against vector mosquitoes.
A Study of Treatment Pattern, Outcome and Adverse Drug Reactions of Anti Cancer Drugs in Lung Cancer Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital
Cancer is a major public health concern globally; it is the most frequent cause of death in economically developed countries. The major risk factor for lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco use and is often viewed solely as a smokers having 80–90% of lung cancers. However, a significant number of patients with lung cancer have no history of smoking. Nonsmokers account for 10–15% of lung cancer cases and these cases are often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, and asbestos and air pollution. Our study showed the median OS for the entire cohort was 10± 1.74 months (95% CI: 7.1-14.02). PFS of study population was 8 ± 1.45 months (95% CI: 5.149-10.85). Carboplatin was responsible for 30.3% of the total ADRs. The major ADRs associated with the use of Carboplatin were Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia and Leucopenia. Cisplatin was second commonest drug which caused 21.3% of adverse drug reactions. Causality assessment of ADRs was done by using Naranjo’s scale. According to the scale 66.3% of ADRs were found to be probable and 33.7% of ADRs were possible.
A Study on Clinical Manifestations, Treatment Pattern and Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which organs and cells undergo damage initially mediated by tissue-binding auto antibodies and immune complexes. The treatment of SLE is highly individualized because of its diversity of clinical manifestations. Patients are treated according to the clinical manifestations they develop with different drugs like steroids, immunosuppressant’s etc. The comorbidities which increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in SLE patients according to EULAR are infections, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis of bone, malignancies. One hundred and thirty two patients with SLE treated at Tertiary care Hospital, Nellore during October 2014- August 2015were collected from MRD. Among them 93 patients were enrolled into the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The demographic details of all patients admitted were presented in table 1. The mean age of 93 patients was 30.60 ± 8.83 years. The study population consisted of 87 females and 6 males (15:1.9) with an average age of 29.3±8.5 years at the onset of the disease. Gender wise distribution is presented in figure 1. 8.6% of the patients had a family history of the SLE. Among the various co-morbid conditions observed in SLE patient’s hypertension was seen in 6.5% followed by hypothyroidism (5.4%).