Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research
Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Cream Formulated from Calotropis gigantea Leaves
The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a topical herbal cream using the leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea. Medicinal plants serve as an important source of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Calotropis gigantea, widely used in traditional medicine, possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, shade dried, pulverized, and subjected to Maceration extraction using propylene glycol. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids. An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-based cream was formulated using suitable excipients. Four trial formulations (F1C–F4C) were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical properties including organoleptic characteristics, pH, spreadability, washability, phase separation, and skin irritation. The prepared formulations showed smooth texture, faint yellow color, pleasant odor, and semi-solid consistency. No irritation, erythema, edema, or phase separation was observed. Spreadability values indicated good applicability. The optimized formulation exhibited acceptable pH suitable for skin application. The study confirms the feasibility of developing a stable and safe herbal topical preparation using Calotropis gigantea leaf extract with potential therapeutic applications.
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A Review on Ebola Virus Disease and Its Prevention and Management in Community
Ebola virus disease is a devastating hemorrhagic disease that is often fatal, has been plaguing Africa since its initial discovery in 1976. For more than 42 years, the disease has claimed the lives of over 15,000 people, with no significant changes in case fatality rates. However, as the global response to EVD evolves, we continue to learn about better ways to diagnose, treat and prevent this disease. EVD does not naturally occur in the human population; it is introduced after exposure to close contact with the secretions, meat or bodily fluids of animals, such as fruit bats, monkeys or other rainforest animals. The World Health Organization states that 2 negative RT-PCR test results, at least 48 hours apart, are required for a clinically asymptomatic patient to be discharged from hospital. Destruction of other tissue cells results in myalgias from myositis, hepatitis, and acute kidney injury from renal tubular dysfunction. Immune-mediated cell damage causes further injury, leading to dysfunction in multiple vital organs such as the lungs, heart, kidney, and liver. More healthcare programmes are required to conducting a large scale for developing the awareness about Ebola virus disease about preventive measures and eradication process. Extensive research investigations are needed to developed in an accurate diagnostic procedure as well as an affordable and rapid treatment initiatives can control Ebola virus infection.
Plant-Based Multifunctional Nutraceuticals as Preventive Interventions for Modern Lifestyle Disorders
In recent years, herbal formulations and nutraceuticals have gained wide acceptance due to their minimal adverse effects. Medicinal plants are known for their immune-enhancing properties, and nutrition during early childhood plays a crucial role in a child’s overall growth and development. Despite consuming a balanced diet, children often suffer from deficiency-related disorders. Owing to their close interaction with gut microbiota, nutraceuticals currently serve as an effective alternative for the prevention and management of dysfunctions associated with oxidative stress. Chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hormonal disorders including PCOS, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and autoimmune disorders are increasing worldwide, creating significant health and economic burdens. The primary objective of this study was to develop a multifunctional nutraceutical formulation using ingredients derived from various sources such as medicinal herbs, seeds, spices, and green leafy vegetables. The pharmacological efficacy of the formulation was evaluated through its mechanisms of action, including biotransformation processes and identification of relevant biomarkers. Since inflammation is one of the major contributing factors to disease progression, its reduction is essential, as it promotes the generation of free radicals and gut dysbiosis.
Investigation of Antidiabetic Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Oleifera in Rats
Plants have been used as source of drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in developing countries where the cost of conventional medicines represents a burden to the population. Many species have been reported to present antidiabetic activity. Moringa oleifera is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This dissertation was designed based in the traditional claim to emphasize the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the EEMO extract of leaf of the plant showed that the plant has a rich possession of phytochemicals like flavonoids and steroids. In the sub-acute study, a steady decrease in blood glucose level was observed on EEMO treatment in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The treatment of EEMO showed marked increase in body weight, marked increase in protein, HDL cholesterol levels in serum of Alloxan induced diabetic animals. EEMO has high scavenging activity against DPPH free radical generating system so it is considered to be a anti-oxidant. Based on the obtained results and observations, we can infer that the Moringa oleifera could be used for the supportive treatment of diabetes mellitus, as the plant also offers effective protection against free radicals that form the basis for the development of diabetic complications.
Copyright (c) 2020 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Chloro Impurity and Methyl Ester Impurity by Using RP-HPLC
A simple and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of Apixaban impurities like Chloro impurity and Methyl ester impurity. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Zorbax Bonus RP (250 X 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase contain the gradient mixture of the solvents (Acetonitrile: water) in the ratio of 90:10(v/v). The eluted compounds were monitored at 270nm and the run time was 35mints.The method is repeatable and can be used for routine analysis of Apixaban in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation. Hence it is more effective, sensitive and the impurities profile can be analyzed easily through this method. The development and validated RP-HPLC method is applied for identification of eluted the impurities.
Therapeutic strategies on Blood brain barrier
BBB comprises different molecular components and transport systems, which in turn create efflux machinery or hindrance for the entry of several drugs in brain. It is a vital component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) containing tight junctional (TJ) proteins and different ion and nutrient transporters which maintain normal brain physiology. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for much of this difficulty but also provides an essential separation from systemic circulation. Due to the BBB’s physical and chemical constraints, many current therapies, from cytotoxic drugs to antibody-based proteins, cannot gain access to the tumor. Various strategies are being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of therapeutic compounds in the brain. The present review describes those different approaches of therapeutic strategies on blood brain barrier. These approaches are mainly utilized to overcome the brain tumors.
Investigation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Triticum Aestivum in Rats
My present aim was to investigate the anti-ulcer activity of Triticumaestivum in rats. Triticumaestivum is rich in phytoconstituents such as Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds, Carbohydrates, glycosides and steroids. Peptic ulcers are the wounds or lesions caused on the linings of either stomach or intestine. Aspirin (200 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 3 days to induce ulcers by reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Ranitidine (20mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Test doses of ethanolic extract of Triticumaestivum (EETA) 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg were administered to rats. Standard drug and test doses of EETA were administered 30 minutes before aspirin administration and after 24 hours the rats are anaesthetized, dissected and stomach mucosal layer and gastric juice were collected and evaluated for free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index, gastric volume and PH. It was observed that Test dose of EETA, 200mg/kg had shown significant decrease in all above mentioned parameters.
Current Appraisal Procedures for New Regulations, Standards, Policies, and Guidance Issued by Regulatory Authorities
Regulatory Affairs Profession believe the new approach to regulation will eventually be adopted for all healthcare products as it represents the best model for delivering new healthcare advances to market in a reasonable time with acceptable safety. Most companies, whether they are major multinational pharmaceutical corporations or small, innovative biotechnology companies, have specialist departments of Regulatory affairs professionals and Regulatory affairs department is constantly evolving the one which is least impacted during the acquisition and merger, and also during recession. Due to the changing resources necessary to fulfill the regulatory requirements, some companies also choose to outsource or out task regulatory affairs to external service providers. In today’s competitive environment the reduction of the time taken to reach the market is critical to a product’s and hence within the company’s for their success and growth. The proper conduct of its Regulatory Affairs activities is therefore of considerable economic importance for the company.
Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Gabapentin and Nortriptyline by RP-HPLC method
In RP-HPLC method, the conditions were optimized to obtain an adequate separation of eluted compounds. Initially, various mobile phase compositions were tried, to separate title ingredients. Mobile phase and flow rate selection was based on peak parameters (height, tailing, theoretical plates, capacity or symmetry factor), run time and resolution. The mobile phase containing mixture of Phophate buffer solution: Methanol (65:35v/v, pH 4) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min is quite robust. The optimum wavelength for detection was 260 nm at which better detector response for both the drugs was obtained. The retention times for Gabapentin and Nortriptyline was found to be 2.113 min and 3.560 min, respectively. To ascertain its effectiveness, system suitability tests were carried out on freshly prepared stock solutions. The calibration was linear in concentration range of 5 to 25μg/ ml and 20 to 100μg/ml, with regression 0.9979 and 0.9999, Gabapentin and Nortriptyline respectively. The low values of % R.S.D indicate the method is precise and accurate. The mean recoveries were found above 99.3 % for both the drugs.
Copyright (c) 2021 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Design, Development and Validation of Bioanalytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Formulations – Review
Any method developed for the analysis of analytes in biological fluids must yield consistent results despite the variations in conditions during the course of a project. An ideal bioanalytical method should include all of the probable effects that are going to occur during the routine analysis of study samples. Bioanalytical method validation includes all of the procedures that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analytes in a given biological matrix, such as blood, plasma, serum, or urine is reliable and reproducible for the intended use. Method development for the interested drug/analyte in finished product or in process tests and the sample preparation of drug product and to provide practical approaches for determining selectivity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, range accuracy, precision, recovery solution stability, ruggedness, and robustness of liquid chromatographic methods to support the Routine, in process and stability analysis. The present review aims to study the bioanalytical method development and validation for various pharmaceutical formulations.
Copyright (c) 2016 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Satellite DNAs are hidden part of the genomes, initially just considered as junk DNA. Heterochromatic regions of the eukaryotic genome harbour DNA sequences that are repeated many times in tandem, collectively known as satellite DNAs. Different satellite sequences co‐exist in the genome, thus forming a set called a satellite DNA library. Satellite DNA families accumulate in the in the heterochromatin in different parts of the eukaryotic chromosomes, mainly in pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions, there is currently an increasing appreciation of the functional significance of satellite DNA repeats and of their sequences. The study of insect satellite DNAs indicates the evolutionary conservation of certain features despite their sequence heterogeneity. Such features can include total length, monomer length, motifs, particular regions and/or secondary and tertiary structures.
Art therapy is a creative method of expression used as a therapeutic technique. Art therapy originated in the field of art and psychotherapy and may varying definition. The British artist Adrianhillcoined the termed art therapy in 1942 award Adamson the father of art therapy in Britain art therapy and outside art. Paediatric trauma patient’simpartment of depression and locus of controlling prison in mates. The porpoise of art therapy is essentially one of heeling general illness, cancer, diagnosis, bereaved children and in carceviton. Dyslexia is a widely held opinion that dyslexia associated with remarkably artistic creativity.
This water therapy, also known as Indian, Chinese, or Japanese water Therapy, is claimed to have a wide range of health benefits, or at least no adverse effects. Advocates of water therapy claim that application of water therapy at first will cause multiple bowel movements until the body adjusts to the increased amount of fluid. Without spending money and medicine, tablet, injections, diagnosis, doctor fees etc. Just by drinking –pure water you will find that many diseases can be cured lick hyper tension, anaemia, obesity etc... One from water therapy, advocated by some alternative medicine proponents, is the consumption of a gutful of water upon waking in order cleans the bowel. A litter to a litter- a- half is the common amount ingested. This water therapy also known as Indian, chaines, and japans water therapy is claimer to have a wide range of health benefits or at least no adverse effects.
Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Orthosiphon Thymiflorus Leaves on Glycemia of Diabetic Rats
The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglcemic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Orthosiphon thymiflorus leaves (HAEOT) on high fat diet (HFD) - streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male wistar albino rats were fed with a high fat diet for a period of two weeks prior to the administration of streptozotocin (50mg/kg) intraperitonially. The long term effect of the extract was studied by treating diabetic rats with vehicle (0.5% CMC) and HAEOT (200 and 400 mg/kg b wt) for a period of 28 days. The effects of HAEOT on fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were studied. In addition, body weight changes, lipid profile and serum biomarkers of liver and kidney function were also studied. Results revealed that HAEOT-400mg shows excellent anti hyperglycemic activity when compared to lower dose of the extract 200mg and also shows better anti hyperlipidemic activity. The elevated serum urea and creatinine levels also decreased by the treatment with extract. Hence the results justify that Orthosiphon thymiflorus possess antidiabetic activity.
Formulation of Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Irbesartan and Their Evaluation
Mucoadhesive microspheres has been accepted as a process to achieve controlled drug delivery by prolonging the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption thereby improving and enhancing the bioavailability of drugs. Irbesartan is an Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. It competes with Angiotensin II for binding at the AT1 receptor sub type. The mucoadhesive microspheres of Irbesartan were formulated by orifice ionic gelation technique employing polymers like Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose and Carbopol along with Sodium alginate. The microspheres prepared were discrete, spherical and free flowing. Microspheres were evaluated for particle size, percentage yield, flow properties, drug content, and drug entrapment efficiency, percentage moisture loss, swelling property, in vitro drug release, drug release kinetics, in vitro wash-off test, stability study and drug polymer interaction study by FT-IR. The microencapsulation efficiency was found relatively high with 2% polymer. Average particle size was found in the range of 5.02±0.36 to 9.45±0.43μm. Formulations F6 displayed the best results for. Entrapment efficiency was 85.26±0.43%, swelling-index was 194±3.45% and drug release up to 8h was 94.97%. Drug release was diffusion controlled and followed first order kinetics. The in vitro wash-off test indicated that the microspheres had good mucoadhesive properties. Hence prepared mucoadhesive microspheres may be an effective strategy for the development of easy, reproducible and cost effective method for safe and effective oral drug therapy.
Tanvirahmad J. Shaikh Tanvirahmad J. Shaikh
A study on traditional medicinal plants of Pillur Beat (Pillur slope RF and Nellithurai RF), Karamadai range, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu.
Objective: To explore traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of Irula tribes of Pillur Beat (Pillur slope RF and Nellithurai RF), Karamadai Range, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: With the help of semi-structure questionnaire, resource persons were interviewed on medicinal use of local flora in six tribal villages of Pillur Beat, during the months of Jan 2016 to Aug 2016 with frequent field visits in the study area. Results: A total of 80 plant species belonging to 73 genera of 41 families were reported in the study area, of which trees ranked first with 36 species. In terms of the number of medicinal plant species in a family, Euphorbiaceae (8 species) is the dominant family. Leaves were most frequently used plant part for the treatment of diseases. Decoction ranks first in the mode of administration. Conclusion: Our study revealed that in all the studied tribal villages the plants were used to cure common diseases like fever, skin diseases, wound healing, asthma, etc. Many of these plants in the study area are to be conserved. The study also suggested that the present information on medicinal use of plants may be used for botanical and pharmacological research in future for the discovery of new sources of drugs.
Medicinal Plants Diversity in Kundri Hill T.N Palayam Range of Sathyamangalam Reserve Forest in Erode District, Tamil Nadu
The survey was carried out in Kundri hill area, it has documented a total of 75 angiospermic plants and one pteridophyte with medicinal value. Of these 75 angiospermic plants, 68 species are dicotyledons and 7 species are monocotyledons. Within the dicotyledons, 29 species are polypetalae, 34 species are gamopetalae and 5 species are monochlamydeae. Gymnosperms were almost nil. The angiospermic plants surveyed in the Kundri belong to 19 polypetalae families, 15 gamopetalae families, 6 monochlamydeae families and 5 monocotyledons families. In the present account 75 species of angiosperms and one fern are used as ethnomedicine for various disorders and diseases like piles, menorrhagia, epitaxis, alexipharmic, burns, disease of blood, throat disorders, chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, anaemia, asthma, nose and eye diseases, indigestion, dysentery, diarrheoa, dyspepsia, fever, vaginal infections, tumors, neuralgin, splenopathy, leucorrhoea, ulcers, muscular pain, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary problem, skin infections, eczema, painful swelling of joint, flatulence, cardiac disorders, oxytocic, cancer, leucoderma, diabetes, allergic rhinitis, hiccough, oedema, pruritus etc
A Comparative Safety and Efficacy Study of Olmesrtan, a Newer Angiotensin-II Type-1 Receptor Blocker in Early Stage Type–2 Diabetes with Hypertension
Patients with type-2 diabetes are at high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, which are also the most common cause of death in these patients. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used for the treatment of hypertension. Among the several ARBs available in the clinical setting, olmesartan is thought to have a significantly stronger blood pressure lowering effect than losartan or valsartan with their respective starting doses. In addition, recent data demonstrated that olmesartan more adequately achieved ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) goals during the early morning surge period than did candesartan. Considering the importance of strict blood pressure control, olmesartan offers certain advantages in clinical use. With regard to its metabolic effect, telmisartan has the unique property of selective peroxisome proliferation–activated receptor (PPARγ) modulating activity, at least in-vitro. Thus, telmisartan might have clinical effects similar to those of PPARγ agonists, such as improving insulin resistance and increasing serum adiponectin levels. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that replacement of valsartan with telmisartan reduced serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and increased serum adiponectin. Another study revealed that telmisartan has superior effects on metabolic parameters compared to losartan in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. In addition, telmisartan blood pressure lowering effect is reported to last longer than valsartan’s. To gain insight into the respective properties of ARB for type-2 diabetic patients with hypertension, an open-label crossover trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of the starting doses of olmesartan and telmisartan on blood pressure, and metabolic parameters. A clinical study has shown that a doses in patients with type-2 diabetes, olmesartan seems to have more potent blood pressure lowering than telmisartan, but similar effects on metabolic parameters. Our results suggest that olmesartan can be considered an ideal agent to prevent future onset of cardiovascular disease in type-2 diabetic patients with hypertension.
Evaluation of Cardioprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cordia sebestena Against Myocardial Infarction: A Comprehensive Review
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the most prevalent and fatal cardiovascular disorders worldwide, primarily resulting from ischemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although conventional pharmacotherapy has significantly reduced mortality, long-term usage is often associated with adverse effects, necessitating the exploration of safer cardioprotective agents. Medicinal plants rich in bioactive phytoconstituents have emerged as promising alternatives due to their multitarget therapeutic potential. Cordia sebestena L., belonging to the family Boraginaceae, is traditionally employed for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative stress–related disorders. The ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena is reported to contain flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review comprehensively evaluates the cardioprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena against myocardial infarction, focusing on its phytochemical profile, mechanistic pathways, experimental evidence, and future therapeutic prospects. The collective findings suggest that Cordia sebestena exhibits significant cardioprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress, stabilizing myocardial membranes, modulating inflammatory mediators, and preventing cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
A Scientific Report on Immunosupression Used For Liver Transplantation
Continued advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapy have allowed liver transplantation to become an extremely successful treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Beginning with the revolutionary discovery of cyclosporine in the 1970s, immunosuppressive regimens have evolved greatly and current statistics confirm one-year graft survival rates in excess of 80%. Advances in immune suppressants over the past decade have resulted in dramatic improvements in short- and long-term outcomes in organ transplantation as well as a decreased incidence of acute rejection. However, immunosuppressive drugs need to be given long term, lack specificity, and are accompanied by adverse metabolic derangements, toxicities, the risk of infection and cancer, and a myriad of other side effects.
Design, Development & Evaluation of Domperidone Dispersible Tablet
“The present study was aimed to prepare dispersible tablet of domperidone by using dried mucilage (DM, i.e. Mucilage isolated from seed of Ocimum basilicum) as novel disintegrant & to confirm the mechanism of disintegration of DM, ie. Mucilage isolated from seed of Ocimum basilicum”. There are several technologies that produce commercially available DTs. ZydisR (Cardinal Health, Dublin, Ohio), OraSolvR /Dura Solv R (Cima Labs, Eden Prairie, Minnesota) and WOWTABR (Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies, Norman, Oklahoma) are widely known technologies. Although these technologies meet the special requirements for DTs to some extent, none has all the desired properties. The technologies are usually grouped according to the method used in making DTs, such as freeze drying, molding, and compression. Compression is the most widely used method for making DTs. Some methods are focused on unique granulation methods, such as spray-drying and flash-heating, to make shear form formulations; some are focused on selecting specific excipients such as water-insoluble calcium salt, specific disintegrant combination, and specific sugar combination; and some are focused on special treatment after compression, such as sublimation, sintering, and humidity treatments. In-vitro release study showed 75-80 % drug release from formulations of factorial batches within five to ten min. Formulation F3 disintegrated rapidly as compared to other factorial batches and hence taken further for stability studies and was found stable at the end of stability testing conducted as per the ICH guidelines. The dissolution profile of optimized batch F3 was compared with the dissolution profile of marketed formulation. There was no significant difference in the profile when compared statistically by applying t test at p<.
Development and Evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Fenofibrate by enhancing dissolution rate and bioavailability
In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop fast disintegrating tablets of Fenofibrate. In the present work Sodium starch glycolate, Cross povidone and Cross carmellose sodium were employed as super disintegrating agents to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of selected drug molecule. Camphor was employed as sublimating agent, due to presence of camphor maximum pores will be formed. As the numbers of pores were more the body fluid will penetrates more easily. All the formulations were prepared by direct compression method using 6mm punch on 8 station rotary tablet punching machine. The blend of all the formulations showed god flow properties such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density. The prepared tablets were shown good post compression parameters and they passed all the quality control evaluation parameters as per I.P limits. Among all the formulations F4 formulation showed maximum % drug release i.e., 98.10 % in 25 min hence it is considered as optimized formulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel Containing Peel Extract of Pomogranate for Periodontitis
Periodontitis disease is a group of illness located in the gums and dental support structures and produced by certain bacteria i.e. Actinobacillus. Studies have suggested that Punica granatum is used for the treatment of microbial infections especially in dental diseases. Punica granatum is an ancient, unique plant belongs to family lythraceae consists chemical constituents like ellagic acid, ellagitannins, punicic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins, anthocyanidines and estrogenic flavonols & flavonols. The rind of pomegranate consists of flavonoids and the extract was prepared by cold maceration process and was used as active ingredient to prepare medicated gels for the treatment of Periodontitis. 10 formulations i.e. F1 to F10 were prepared by incorporating 1 % extract and with different gelling agents at different concentrations like Sodium alginate, Guar gum, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Methyl cellulose and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. The prepared gels were evaluated for parameters like Appearance, spreadability, consistency, Ph & stability studies. The prepared gels showed good physical appearance and good stability condition hence we conclude our work that gels can be prepared successfully and used for the treatment of periodontitis and further optimization studies are to be done for the commercial success of the medicated gels of pomegranate rind extract.
Stastical Comparision, Method Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography for estimation of Cifixime Trihydrate and Potassium Clavunate in bulk and combine tablet dosage form
High performance liquid chromatography for estimation of Cifixime Trihydrate and Potassium Clavunate in their combine dosage form was developed and validated. The method was performed on Younglin Instrument with Autochro-3000 Operation software using Varian C-18 (250 Χ 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm particle size column and Methanol: water: Potassium dihydrogen phosphaste Buffer (pH 3 ) (30:05:65, %v/v/v) as mobile phase at ambient temperature. Detection was carried out at 288 nm. Concentration range 16-80 µg/ml for Cefpodoxime Proxetil and 10-50 µg/ml for Potassium Clavunate. The percentage recovery of Cefixime Trihydrate and Potassium Clavunate Was found to be 99.57-101.16 and 98.91-103.48 respectively.. Correlation coefficient for Cefixime Trihydrate and Potassium Clavunate Sodium was found 0.998 and 0.998 respectively. The Rt values for Cefixime Trihydrate and Potassium Clavunate were found to be 5.1 min ±0.02 and 2.5 min ±0.03 respectively. The method can successfully applicable to routine analysis. And under stastical analysis ,Paired t-test is applided for comparison between developed method and reported method where, we reject the null hypothesis, because value of t is less than 0.05 so we can conclude that there is significance difference between the developed method and reported method for Cifixime Trihydrate and and Potassium Clavunate.
Formulation and Evaluation of a Novel Microemulsions of Atorvastatin Calcium Trihydrate
The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate Hydrogel Beads for the controlled release of Nizatidine from the prepared Hydrogel beads using different polymers. The Hydrogel beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The prepared Hydrogel beads were characterized for FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the percentage drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro dissolution studies, Release order kinetics, Stability studies. The Particle size of hydrogel beads was determined with the help of SEM and it was found to be ranging from 500-650 µm. The swelling Index of Nizatidine containing Hydrogel beads F 11 formulation contains the value 28 ±1 %. The FT-IR and DSC study confirmed that no chemical interaction took place during encapsulation process. Entrapment efficiency was in range of all formulation 76.2-77.3%. The drug entrapment of various batches varied from 47.35% to 99.68%. The F11 formulation observed a zero order release based on the regression coefficient value in kinetics study.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nizatidine Hydrogel Beads
Exploration of Autochthonous Fungal Population and its Bioactive compounds Elucidation from the Three Different Coconut Water Samples
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water is a refreshing drink consumed mostly directly from the fruit. However, in recent times, consumers in Accra prefer to have it transferred into plastic bags for later consumption; this favours a high risk of bacterial contamination. Since it is rich in nutrient, it may become unwholesome with possible high bacteria loads. Tender coconut water is a refreshing drink with electrolytes (ionic mineral) similar to human plasma. This refreshing drink is filled with many healthy natural nutrients which can enhance the body's metabolism and immunity and is used more as a health supplement. Initially these three kinds of coconut water interestingly present various diversity of the fungal organisms with different morphological in nature. Mainly those organisms were predominantly developed on two experimental coconut water such as tender and mature coconut water except king coconut water. Though, totally nine numbers of mouldy appearance white colour fungi were seen on mature coc. water and this similar kind of fungi five number also present in tender coco. Water too. But this kind of observed fungi didn’t develop on the third water sample (King coco. water) Data not shown. Furthermore, other kind of morphologically different round shaped pale green colour fungi organisms also been noticed on both two samples (mature and tender coc. water) but it was absent in king water. In addition small thickened pure dark green colour fungi developed on the three coconut water samples viz., 11 in mature, 8 in tender and 5 in king coc. Water respectively. From the present result clearly showed among the three different kinds of coconut king coconut water showed maximized chemical as well as protein composition has been noticed than the control also other two varieties of coconut water. Although, exceptionally small white colour organisms were present. As a result of this coconut water imply that should it be contaminated shortly after two or three days of incubation, the early consumption of the water (before one and half hours), will most likely avert the risk of bacterial infection. In mature coconut water possessed totally nine compounds, of these nine bioactive compounds peak maximum showed n-Hexadecanoic acid with its retention time (43.41) as well as abundance (93) was and 1- Methyl -2-octenoic acid as a minimum revealed compound denoting abundance and its retention time such as 33.0 and 10.
Formulation, Development and In-Vitro studies of Sotalol - Gastro Retentive Floating tablets
In the “present research work gastro retentive floating matrix formulation of Sotalol” by “using various hydrophilic polymers. “Among all the formulations” the formulations prepared by using Xanthan gum were “unable to produce desired drug release, they were unable to” retard “drug release up to 12” hours. The formulations prepared with Methocel K15 M retarded the drug “release up to 12 hours” in the concentration of 75 mg (ST3).The “formulations prepared with xanthan gum” were “unable to retarded the drug “release for more than 12 hours. Hence they were not considered”.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Integrated Analytical Quality by Design (AQBD) Approach for the Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Rimantadine
A simple, precise, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of Rimantadine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Method optimization confirmed that flow rate, buffer pH, and organic ratio significantly influenced chromatographic performance. The optimized method employed an Inspire C18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol, delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with detection at 265 nm. A sharp and symmetrical peak was obtained at a retention time of 6.12 min, with system suitability parameters meeting all acceptance limits (plate count >5800, tailing factor ~1.0).Validation studies demonstrated excellent linearity in the concentration range of 15–75 µg/mL (R²=0.9994), high precision with %RSD values below 0.2%, and accuracy with mean recoveries between 96.7–101.2%. The method was sensitive with LOD and LOQ values of 2.96 µg/mL and 9.97 µg/mL, respectively. Robustness testing confirmed that deliberate variations in flow rate and mobile phase composition did not significantly affect results. Overall, the developed RP-HPLC method is accurate, reproducible, cost-effective, and stability-indicating, making it highly suitable for routine quality control, batch release, and regulatory applications of Rimantadine formulations.
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Formulation Development and Characterization of Posaconazole Loaded Nanoparticle Gel
The present study focused on the development and evaluation of Posaconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as a novel topical delivery system to overcome limitations of conventional formulations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and inadequate tissue retention. Posaconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal, was incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and NLCs using the melt emulsification ultrasonication method, with optimization carried out through a full factorial design (3³). Critical formulation factors including lipid-drug ratio, surfactant concentration, and sonication time significantly influenced particle size and entrapment efficiency. Optimized formulations demonstrated particle sizes ranging from 80–150 nm for NLCs with high entrapment efficiency (up to 85%) and stable zeta potential (–13 to –15 mV). Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed successful drug encapsulation and uniform spherical nanoparticles, respectively. The optimized NLC was incorporated into an aloevera based carbopol gel, yielding a formulation with appropriate pH, viscosity, spreadability, and rheological characteristics suitable for topical application. In vitro permeation studies indicated enhanced skin retention of Posaconazole with minimal systemic penetration, while fluorescent microscopy confirmed deeper layer skin targeting. Antifungal evaluations demonstrated superior efficacy of the NLC gel against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, with sustained activity, reduced fungal burden, and significant anti-inflammatory effects in in vivo models. Overall, the developed Posaconazole-loaded NLC gel showed promising potential as a safe and effective topical drug delivery system, combining enhanced local drug retention with improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced systemic side effects.