Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research
Pharmacoeconomics in India: Comparative Assessment of Cost-effectiveness, Policy Implications and Adoption of Best Practices from Developed and Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Countries.
This study offers an in-depth, policy-oriented and analytically driven evaluation of Pharmacoeconomics within the Indian healthcare system. It integrates a structured review of both domestic and international evidence with a comparative examination of health technology assessment mechanisms and pharmaceutical pricing policies in developed economies and BRICS nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. A bespoke decision-analytic framework, based on an oncology Markov model, is developed to assess cost-effectiveness and financial impact across multiple pricing and reimbursement scenarios. The analysis estimates anticipated health outcomes alongside fiscal implications associated with the adoption of selected policy instruments, such as strengthened HTA processes through HTAIn, value-based pricing approaches, managed entry agreements, and formalized price negotiation strategies adapted to India’s institutional environment and inter-state diversity in healthcare delivery. The study further outlines actionable policy pathways, supported by an implementation framework detailing timelines, resource needs, and performance indicators. Comprehensive references and supplementary appendices, including model specifications, parameter inputs, and stakeholder consultation tools, accompany the manuscript.
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Effect of Superdisintegrants on Theophylline Pellets Prepared by Extrusion–Spheronization Technique
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of superdisintegrants on the drug release characteristics of Theophylline pellets prepared by the extrusion–spheronization technique. Theophylline was selected as a model drug, while microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as the primary pelletizing aid. Three superdisintegrants, namely sodium starch glycolate (Primojel), croscarmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol), and crospovidone (Polyplasdone XL10), were incorporated to evaluate their influence on pellet characteristics and dissolution behaviour. Pellets were prepared using suitable granulating liquids and binders, and their physical properties, including particle size distribution, shape, flow properties, friability, drug content, disintegration, and in-vitro dissolution, were evaluated. The prepared pellets exhibited good sphericity with circularity values ranging from 0.968 to 1.00, excellent flow characteristics, low friability (<0.1%), and drug content within acceptable limits (89.06–98.89%). All formulations disintegrated within 30 minutes, with croscarmellose sodium-containing pellets showing faster disintegration than sodium starch glycolate formulations. The incorporation of superdisintegrants significantly enhanced drug release compared to pellets containing only MCC. The dissolution behaviour was found to depend on the type and concentration of superdisintegrant used. Sodium starch glycolate exhibited the highest swelling capacity, croscarmellose sodium provided rapid water penetration and disintegration, while cros povidone showed comparatively lower swelling behaviour.
Evaluation and Characterization of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide fixed dose as Gastroretentive bilayered floating tablets
Losartan potassium (LSP) is a potent, highly specific angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist with antihypertensive activity. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with oral bioavailability of about 33% and a plasma elimination half-life ranging from 1.5 to 2.5. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic and is used in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. It is very slightly soluble in water having plasma half life of 6h to 14h. Therefore an attempt was made to increase oral bioavailability of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide fixed dose combination by retaining the dosage form in stomach for longer period of time. This is achieved by developing gastroretentive floating drug delivery system. These tablets were prepared to increase the bioavailability of the drugs by utilizing the drugs to full extent avoiding unnecessary frequency of dosing and subsequently first pass metabolism.
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Stability Studies of Optimized Formulation of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Bilayer Floating Tablets
The prasent study was to develop an optimal gastroretentive drug delivery system for administering Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide as a fixed dose combination for antihypertensive therapy. The bilayer tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Losartan potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide were formulated and optimized separately as a floating and immediate release layer. Losartan was formulated as a floating layer using hydrophillic swellable polymer HPMC K4M, ethyl cellulose (4cps) as a bouyancy enhancer and sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent. The amount of polymer blends was optimized using 23 full factorial design. The influence of experimental factors such as swelling agent concentration, buoyancy enhancer and gas generating agent on floating lag time, total floating time, T 50% and % drug release were investigated to get optimized formulation. The responses were analyzed using ANOVA and polynomial equation was generated for each response using MLRA. All formulations floated for more than 12 hours. The study revealed that the optimized bilayer floating tablet retains in rabbit stomach for 9 h. The optimized formulation was subjected to stability study for three months at 400C /75% RH. The stability study showed no significant change in appearance of tablets, floating characteristics, drug content and in- vitro drug dissolution.
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Study of Effect of Various Polymers in the Formulation Development of Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets of Propranolol HCL
The release rate of Propranolol HCl from buccal tablets was found to be influenced primarily by the type and concentration of polymer used in tablet formulation. The controlled drug release following first-order kinetics demonstrated that hydrophilic matrix tablets prepared with Carbopol 934 and HPMC K100 are effective as buccoadhesive controlled-release delivery systems. Both pre-compression and post-compression evaluation parameters for all formulations were within acceptable limits. The matrix tablets formulated with HPMC K100 (Formulation F5) exhibited slow, controlled, and nearly complete drug release over 11 hours, achieving 93.45% drug release. These findings suggest that the selected polymers successfully regulate the release profile of Propranolol HCl in buccal delivery systems, ensuring sustained therapeutic effects.
Design and Characterization of Lansoprazole Delayed Release Tables Employing Novel Entric Coating Agents
The present study aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of Lansoprazole through the preparation of solid dispersions using Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β CD) and to further develop sustained release formulations. Solid dispersions of Lansoprazole were prepared by three different methods physical mixture, kneading method, and co precipitation method in varying drug-to-carrier ratios (1:1 and 1:2). Among these, the co-precipitation method demonstrated the highest enhancement in solubility, followed by the kneading method and the physical mixture, indicating the order: Physical mixture < Kneading method < Co-precipitate method. The optimized formulation (CP-2: Drug: HP β-CD at 1:2 ratio by co-precipitation method) exhibited superior solubility enhancement and dissolution performance. Lansoprazole–HP-β-cyclodextrin complexes showed a significantly higher dissolution rate and efficiency compared to pure Lansoprazole and its conventional capsule forms. These optimized solid dispersions were further utilized to formulate sustained release tablets using different grades of HPMC (K4M, K15M, and K100M) as release-retarding polymers. The pre-compression parameters, including angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, and compressibility index, indicated excellent flow properties suitable for direct compression. Drug release studies revealed that an increase in polymer concentration led to a reduction in the drug release rate, with formulation F8 exhibiting the most desirable sustained release profile. Kinetic modeling confirmed that the drug release followed zero-order kinetics and obeyed the Higuchi diffusion model, indicating a diffusion-controlled release mechanism.
Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance: Data Integrity, AI Validation, and Digital QA Systems
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming pharmaceutical industries by enhancing data integrity, audit trail compliance, electronic documentation, AI validation, and digital quality assurance systems. Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing and analytical laboratories generate large volumes of digital data that require secure management, accurate documentation, and continuous regulatory compliance. Conventional manual quality systems are often time-consuming, error-prone, and difficult to manage efficiently in highly regulated environments. The integration of AI technologies into pharmaceutical quality and compliance systems enables intelligent automation, predictive monitoring, and real-time decision-making.AI-driven systems improve data integrity by identifying inconsistencies, detecting abnormal data patterns, and minimizing the risk of unauthorized data manipulation. Advanced machine learning algorithms support automated audit trail review, anomaly detection, and risk-based compliance monitoring. AI-assisted electronic documentation systems enhance data accuracy, reduce manual transcription errors, and improve workflow efficiency through automated report generation and intelligent document management.AI validation has become essential to ensure the reliability, reproducibility, and regulatory acceptance of machine learning models used in pharmaceutical operations. Additionally, AI-integrated digital quality assurance systems support predictive quality monitoring, deviation management, CAPA activities, and real-time process control. These technologies improve operational efficiency, strengthen regulatory compliance, and enhance product quality. This review highlights the applications, benefits, challenges, and future perspectives of AI integration in pharmaceutical data integrity and digital quality management systems.
Development and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Pravastatin by Enhancing Dissolution Rate and Bioavailability
Pravastatin orally disintegrating films were successfully formulated using HPMC E15CPS and combinations of HPMC E15 and HPMC E5 polymers. Visual inspection and tactile evaluation revealed that the films possessed a smooth surface and were visually appealing. The film thickness ranged between 0.234 mm and 0.271 mm, with weight variation within ±10%. Folding endurance values ranged from 38 ± 1 to 57 ± 2, indicating good flexibility. Surface pH measurements showed neutrality with no color change on litmus paper, ensuring suitability for oral administration. Drug content uniformity tests demonstrated consistent drug loading, ranging from 98% to 102%. The films exhibited rapid disintegration times between 21 and 32 seconds. Among all batches, formulation F-9 displayed optimal mechanical properties and an in vitro disintegration time under 27 seconds, making it the most suitable formulation. Overall, formulation F-9 met the desired criteria and was selected as the optimized batch for further evaluation. This study confirms the potential of these orally disintegrating films as effective delivery systems for Pravastatin, combining acceptable mechanical strength, uniform drug distribution, and rapid disintegration for enhanced patient compliance.
Assay Technologies in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: Principles, Classification, Validation, and Emerging Innovations
Assay technologies constitute fundamental analytical tools for the detection, identification, and quantification of chemical, biological, and molecular entities across pharmaceutical, clinical, environmental, and research domains. Rapid advancements in instrumentation, automation, miniaturization, and data analytics have significantly improved assay sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and reproducibility. This research-oriented review systematically evaluates the classification, working principles, operational mechanisms, validation parameters, applications, advantages, and limitations of major assay technologies, including chemical, biological, immunological, chromatographic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and molecular assays. Furthermore, recent technological innovations such as lab-on-a-chip platforms, point-of-care diagnostics, multiplex assays, biosensors, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence–assisted interpretation are critically discussed. The study aims to provide a structured and comprehensive scientific overview of assay methodologies for pharmacy professionals and researchers, emphasizing regulatory compliance and quality assurance frameworks.
Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Dosage Form Exhibiting Anti Acne Activity
The present study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a polyherbal topical gel formulation containing Opuntia ficus-indica, Piper nigrum, and Pterocarpus santalinus for the management of acne vulgaris. Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit associated with microbial infection, excessive sebum production, and oxidative stress. Herbal medicines, rich in bioactive phytoconstituents, provide a safer and effective alternative to conventional therapies. In this study, selected plant materials were subjected to pharmacognostic evaluation, extraction, and phytochemical screening. The extracts were further evaluated for antibacterial activity against acne-causing microorganisms. The polyherbal gel was formulated using suitable gelling agents and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, stability, and efficacy. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, especially in alcoholic extracts, along with the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. The formulated gel showed good consistency, stability, and therapeutic potential. The study concludes that the developed polyherbal gel is a promising natural alternative for acne treatment with improved safety and efficacy.
Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Infant Pacifiers and Its Impact on Feeding Habits: Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Plant Extracts
Pacifiers are widely used as soothing devices for infants, but their frequent exposure to saliva and environmental contaminants makes them potential reservoirs for microbial colonization. The present study aimed to investigate bacterial contamination and biofilm formation on infant pacifiers and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of selected plant extracts. Pacifiers were collected from infants aged 6 months to 2 years, and bacterial isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical methods. The antimicrobial activity of Prosopis juliflora and Allium cepa extracts was tested using the agar well diffusion method. Results revealed significant bacterial contamination, including Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. The plant extracts showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity. The findings highlight the importance of proper hygiene practices and suggest that plant-based antimicrobials can be effective alternatives for controlling microbial contamination on pacifiers.
Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Cream Formulated from Calotropis gigantea Leaves
The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a topical herbal cream using the leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea. Medicinal plants serve as an important source of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Calotropis gigantea, widely used in traditional medicine, possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, shade dried, pulverized, and subjected to Maceration extraction using propylene glycol. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids. An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-based cream was formulated using suitable excipients. Four trial formulations (F1C–F4C) were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical properties including organoleptic characteristics, pH, spreadability, washability, phase separation, and skin irritation. The prepared formulations showed smooth texture, faint yellow color, pleasant odor, and semi-solid consistency. No irritation, erythema, edema, or phase separation was observed. Spreadability values indicated good applicability. The optimized formulation exhibited acceptable pH suitable for skin application. The study confirms the feasibility of developing a stable and safe herbal topical preparation using Calotropis gigantea leaf extract with potential therapeutic applications.
A Review on Ebola Virus Disease and Its Prevention and Management in Community
Ebola virus disease is a devastating hemorrhagic disease that is often fatal, has been plaguing Africa since its initial discovery in 1976. For more than 42 years, the disease has claimed the lives of over 15,000 people, with no significant changes in case fatality rates. However, as the global response to EVD evolves, we continue to learn about better ways to diagnose, treat and prevent this disease. EVD does not naturally occur in the human population; it is introduced after exposure to close contact with the secretions, meat or bodily fluids of animals, such as fruit bats, monkeys or other rainforest animals. The World Health Organization states that 2 negative RT-PCR test results, at least 48 hours apart, are required for a clinically asymptomatic patient to be discharged from hospital. Destruction of other tissue cells results in myalgias from myositis, hepatitis, and acute kidney injury from renal tubular dysfunction. Immune-mediated cell damage causes further injury, leading to dysfunction in multiple vital organs such as the lungs, heart, kidney, and liver. More healthcare programmes are required to conducting a large scale for developing the awareness about Ebola virus disease about preventive measures and eradication process. Extensive research investigations are needed to developed in an accurate diagnostic procedure as well as an affordable and rapid treatment initiatives can control Ebola virus infection.
Plant-Based Multifunctional Nutraceuticals as Preventive Interventions for Modern Lifestyle Disorders
In recent years, herbal formulations and nutraceuticals have gained wide acceptance due to their minimal adverse effects. Medicinal plants are known for their immune-enhancing properties, and nutrition during early childhood plays a crucial role in a child’s overall growth and development. Despite consuming a balanced diet, children often suffer from deficiency-related disorders. Owing to their close interaction with gut microbiota, nutraceuticals currently serve as an effective alternative for the prevention and management of dysfunctions associated with oxidative stress. Chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hormonal disorders including PCOS, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and autoimmune disorders are increasing worldwide, creating significant health and economic burdens. The primary objective of this study was to develop a multifunctional nutraceutical formulation using ingredients derived from various sources such as medicinal herbs, seeds, spices, and green leafy vegetables. The pharmacological efficacy of the formulation was evaluated through its mechanisms of action, including biotransformation processes and identification of relevant biomarkers. Since inflammation is one of the major contributing factors to disease progression, its reduction is essential, as it promotes the generation of free radicals and gut dysbiosis.
Investigation of Antidiabetic Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Oleifera in Rats
Plants have been used as source of drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in developing countries where the cost of conventional medicines represents a burden to the population. Many species have been reported to present antidiabetic activity. Moringa oleifera is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This dissertation was designed based in the traditional claim to emphasize the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the EEMO extract of leaf of the plant showed that the plant has a rich possession of phytochemicals like flavonoids and steroids. In the sub-acute study, a steady decrease in blood glucose level was observed on EEMO treatment in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The treatment of EEMO showed marked increase in body weight, marked increase in protein, HDL cholesterol levels in serum of Alloxan induced diabetic animals. EEMO has high scavenging activity against DPPH free radical generating system so it is considered to be a anti-oxidant. Based on the obtained results and observations, we can infer that the Moringa oleifera could be used for the supportive treatment of diabetes mellitus, as the plant also offers effective protection against free radicals that form the basis for the development of diabetic complications.
Copyright (c) 2020 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Chloro Impurity and Methyl Ester Impurity by Using RP-HPLC
A simple and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of Apixaban impurities like Chloro impurity and Methyl ester impurity. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Zorbax Bonus RP (250 X 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase contain the gradient mixture of the solvents (Acetonitrile: water) in the ratio of 90:10(v/v). The eluted compounds were monitored at 270nm and the run time was 35mints.The method is repeatable and can be used for routine analysis of Apixaban in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation. Hence it is more effective, sensitive and the impurities profile can be analyzed easily through this method. The development and validated RP-HPLC method is applied for identification of eluted the impurities.
Therapeutic strategies on Blood brain barrier
BBB comprises different molecular components and transport systems, which in turn create efflux machinery or hindrance for the entry of several drugs in brain. It is a vital component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) containing tight junctional (TJ) proteins and different ion and nutrient transporters which maintain normal brain physiology. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for much of this difficulty but also provides an essential separation from systemic circulation. Due to the BBB’s physical and chemical constraints, many current therapies, from cytotoxic drugs to antibody-based proteins, cannot gain access to the tumor. Various strategies are being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of therapeutic compounds in the brain. The present review describes those different approaches of therapeutic strategies on blood brain barrier. These approaches are mainly utilized to overcome the brain tumors.
Investigation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Triticum Aestivum in Rats
My present aim was to investigate the anti-ulcer activity of Triticumaestivum in rats. Triticumaestivum is rich in phytoconstituents such as Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds, Carbohydrates, glycosides and steroids. Peptic ulcers are the wounds or lesions caused on the linings of either stomach or intestine. Aspirin (200 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 3 days to induce ulcers by reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Ranitidine (20mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Test doses of ethanolic extract of Triticumaestivum (EETA) 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg were administered to rats. Standard drug and test doses of EETA were administered 30 minutes before aspirin administration and after 24 hours the rats are anaesthetized, dissected and stomach mucosal layer and gastric juice were collected and evaluated for free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index, gastric volume and PH. It was observed that Test dose of EETA, 200mg/kg had shown significant decrease in all above mentioned parameters.
Current Appraisal Procedures for New Regulations, Standards, Policies, and Guidance Issued by Regulatory Authorities
Regulatory Affairs Profession believe the new approach to regulation will eventually be adopted for all healthcare products as it represents the best model for delivering new healthcare advances to market in a reasonable time with acceptable safety. Most companies, whether they are major multinational pharmaceutical corporations or small, innovative biotechnology companies, have specialist departments of Regulatory affairs professionals and Regulatory affairs department is constantly evolving the one which is least impacted during the acquisition and merger, and also during recession. Due to the changing resources necessary to fulfill the regulatory requirements, some companies also choose to outsource or out task regulatory affairs to external service providers. In today’s competitive environment the reduction of the time taken to reach the market is critical to a product’s and hence within the company’s for their success and growth. The proper conduct of its Regulatory Affairs activities is therefore of considerable economic importance for the company.
Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Gabapentin and Nortriptyline by RP-HPLC method
In RP-HPLC method, the conditions were optimized to obtain an adequate separation of eluted compounds. Initially, various mobile phase compositions were tried, to separate title ingredients. Mobile phase and flow rate selection was based on peak parameters (height, tailing, theoretical plates, capacity or symmetry factor), run time and resolution. The mobile phase containing mixture of Phophate buffer solution: Methanol (65:35v/v, pH 4) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min is quite robust. The optimum wavelength for detection was 260 nm at which better detector response for both the drugs was obtained. The retention times for Gabapentin and Nortriptyline was found to be 2.113 min and 3.560 min, respectively. To ascertain its effectiveness, system suitability tests were carried out on freshly prepared stock solutions. The calibration was linear in concentration range of 5 to 25μg/ ml and 20 to 100μg/ml, with regression 0.9979 and 0.9999, Gabapentin and Nortriptyline respectively. The low values of % R.S.D indicate the method is precise and accurate. The mean recoveries were found above 99.3 % for both the drugs.
Design, Development and Validation of Bioanalytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Formulations – Review
Any method developed for the analysis of analytes in biological fluids must yield consistent results despite the variations in conditions during the course of a project. An ideal bioanalytical method should include all of the probable effects that are going to occur during the routine analysis of study samples. Bioanalytical method validation includes all of the procedures that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analytes in a given biological matrix, such as blood, plasma, serum, or urine is reliable and reproducible for the intended use. Method development for the interested drug/analyte in finished product or in process tests and the sample preparation of drug product and to provide practical approaches for determining selectivity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, range accuracy, precision, recovery solution stability, ruggedness, and robustness of liquid chromatographic methods to support the Routine, in process and stability analysis. The present review aims to study the bioanalytical method development and validation for various pharmaceutical formulations.
Copyright (c) 2016 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Satellite DNAs are hidden part of the genomes, initially just considered as junk DNA. Heterochromatic regions of the eukaryotic genome harbour DNA sequences that are repeated many times in tandem, collectively known as satellite DNAs. Different satellite sequences co‐exist in the genome, thus forming a set called a satellite DNA library. Satellite DNA families accumulate in the in the heterochromatin in different parts of the eukaryotic chromosomes, mainly in pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions, there is currently an increasing appreciation of the functional significance of satellite DNA repeats and of their sequences. The study of insect satellite DNAs indicates the evolutionary conservation of certain features despite their sequence heterogeneity. Such features can include total length, monomer length, motifs, particular regions and/or secondary and tertiary structures.
Art therapy is a creative method of expression used as a therapeutic technique. Art therapy originated in the field of art and psychotherapy and may varying definition. The British artist Adrianhillcoined the termed art therapy in 1942 award Adamson the father of art therapy in Britain art therapy and outside art. Paediatric trauma patient’simpartment of depression and locus of controlling prison in mates. The porpoise of art therapy is essentially one of heeling general illness, cancer, diagnosis, bereaved children and in carceviton. Dyslexia is a widely held opinion that dyslexia associated with remarkably artistic creativity.
This water therapy, also known as Indian, Chinese, or Japanese water Therapy, is claimed to have a wide range of health benefits, or at least no adverse effects. Advocates of water therapy claim that application of water therapy at first will cause multiple bowel movements until the body adjusts to the increased amount of fluid. Without spending money and medicine, tablet, injections, diagnosis, doctor fees etc. Just by drinking –pure water you will find that many diseases can be cured lick hyper tension, anaemia, obesity etc... One from water therapy, advocated by some alternative medicine proponents, is the consumption of a gutful of water upon waking in order cleans the bowel. A litter to a litter- a- half is the common amount ingested. This water therapy also known as Indian, chaines, and japans water therapy is claimer to have a wide range of health benefits or at least no adverse effects.
Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Orthosiphon Thymiflorus Leaves on Glycemia of Diabetic Rats
The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglcemic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Orthosiphon thymiflorus leaves (HAEOT) on high fat diet (HFD) - streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male wistar albino rats were fed with a high fat diet for a period of two weeks prior to the administration of streptozotocin (50mg/kg) intraperitonially. The long term effect of the extract was studied by treating diabetic rats with vehicle (0.5% CMC) and HAEOT (200 and 400 mg/kg b wt) for a period of 28 days. The effects of HAEOT on fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were studied. In addition, body weight changes, lipid profile and serum biomarkers of liver and kidney function were also studied. Results revealed that HAEOT-400mg shows excellent anti hyperglycemic activity when compared to lower dose of the extract 200mg and also shows better anti hyperlipidemic activity. The elevated serum urea and creatinine levels also decreased by the treatment with extract. Hence the results justify that Orthosiphon thymiflorus possess antidiabetic activity.
Formulation of Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Irbesartan and Their Evaluation
Mucoadhesive microspheres has been accepted as a process to achieve controlled drug delivery by prolonging the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption thereby improving and enhancing the bioavailability of drugs. Irbesartan is an Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. It competes with Angiotensin II for binding at the AT1 receptor sub type. The mucoadhesive microspheres of Irbesartan were formulated by orifice ionic gelation technique employing polymers like Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose and Carbopol along with Sodium alginate. The microspheres prepared were discrete, spherical and free flowing. Microspheres were evaluated for particle size, percentage yield, flow properties, drug content, and drug entrapment efficiency, percentage moisture loss, swelling property, in vitro drug release, drug release kinetics, in vitro wash-off test, stability study and drug polymer interaction study by FT-IR. The microencapsulation efficiency was found relatively high with 2% polymer. Average particle size was found in the range of 5.02±0.36 to 9.45±0.43μm. Formulations F6 displayed the best results for. Entrapment efficiency was 85.26±0.43%, swelling-index was 194±3.45% and drug release up to 8h was 94.97%. Drug release was diffusion controlled and followed first order kinetics. The in vitro wash-off test indicated that the microspheres had good mucoadhesive properties. Hence prepared mucoadhesive microspheres may be an effective strategy for the development of easy, reproducible and cost effective method for safe and effective oral drug therapy.
Tanvirahmad J. Shaikh Tanvirahmad J. Shaikh
A study on traditional medicinal plants of Pillur Beat (Pillur slope RF and Nellithurai RF), Karamadai range, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu.
Objective: To explore traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of Irula tribes of Pillur Beat (Pillur slope RF and Nellithurai RF), Karamadai Range, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: With the help of semi-structure questionnaire, resource persons were interviewed on medicinal use of local flora in six tribal villages of Pillur Beat, during the months of Jan 2016 to Aug 2016 with frequent field visits in the study area. Results: A total of 80 plant species belonging to 73 genera of 41 families were reported in the study area, of which trees ranked first with 36 species. In terms of the number of medicinal plant species in a family, Euphorbiaceae (8 species) is the dominant family. Leaves were most frequently used plant part for the treatment of diseases. Decoction ranks first in the mode of administration. Conclusion: Our study revealed that in all the studied tribal villages the plants were used to cure common diseases like fever, skin diseases, wound healing, asthma, etc. Many of these plants in the study area are to be conserved. The study also suggested that the present information on medicinal use of plants may be used for botanical and pharmacological research in future for the discovery of new sources of drugs.
Medicinal Plants Diversity in Kundri Hill T.N Palayam Range of Sathyamangalam Reserve Forest in Erode District, Tamil Nadu
The survey was carried out in Kundri hill area, it has documented a total of 75 angiospermic plants and one pteridophyte with medicinal value. Of these 75 angiospermic plants, 68 species are dicotyledons and 7 species are monocotyledons. Within the dicotyledons, 29 species are polypetalae, 34 species are gamopetalae and 5 species are monochlamydeae. Gymnosperms were almost nil. The angiospermic plants surveyed in the Kundri belong to 19 polypetalae families, 15 gamopetalae families, 6 monochlamydeae families and 5 monocotyledons families. In the present account 75 species of angiosperms and one fern are used as ethnomedicine for various disorders and diseases like piles, menorrhagia, epitaxis, alexipharmic, burns, disease of blood, throat disorders, chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, anaemia, asthma, nose and eye diseases, indigestion, dysentery, diarrheoa, dyspepsia, fever, vaginal infections, tumors, neuralgin, splenopathy, leucorrhoea, ulcers, muscular pain, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary problem, skin infections, eczema, painful swelling of joint, flatulence, cardiac disorders, oxytocic, cancer, leucoderma, diabetes, allergic rhinitis, hiccough, oedema, pruritus etc
A Comparative Safety and Efficacy Study of Olmesrtan, a Newer Angiotensin-II Type-1 Receptor Blocker in Early Stage Type–2 Diabetes with Hypertension
Patients with type-2 diabetes are at high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, which are also the most common cause of death in these patients. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used for the treatment of hypertension. Among the several ARBs available in the clinical setting, olmesartan is thought to have a significantly stronger blood pressure lowering effect than losartan or valsartan with their respective starting doses. In addition, recent data demonstrated that olmesartan more adequately achieved ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) goals during the early morning surge period than did candesartan. Considering the importance of strict blood pressure control, olmesartan offers certain advantages in clinical use. With regard to its metabolic effect, telmisartan has the unique property of selective peroxisome proliferation–activated receptor (PPARγ) modulating activity, at least in-vitro. Thus, telmisartan might have clinical effects similar to those of PPARγ agonists, such as improving insulin resistance and increasing serum adiponectin levels. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that replacement of valsartan with telmisartan reduced serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and increased serum adiponectin. Another study revealed that telmisartan has superior effects on metabolic parameters compared to losartan in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. In addition, telmisartan blood pressure lowering effect is reported to last longer than valsartan’s. To gain insight into the respective properties of ARB for type-2 diabetic patients with hypertension, an open-label crossover trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of the starting doses of olmesartan and telmisartan on blood pressure, and metabolic parameters. A clinical study has shown that a doses in patients with type-2 diabetes, olmesartan seems to have more potent blood pressure lowering than telmisartan, but similar effects on metabolic parameters. Our results suggest that olmesartan can be considered an ideal agent to prevent future onset of cardiovascular disease in type-2 diabetic patients with hypertension.
Evaluation of Cardioprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cordia sebestena Against Myocardial Infarction: A Comprehensive Review
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the most prevalent and fatal cardiovascular disorders worldwide, primarily resulting from ischemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although conventional pharmacotherapy has significantly reduced mortality, long-term usage is often associated with adverse effects, necessitating the exploration of safer cardioprotective agents. Medicinal plants rich in bioactive phytoconstituents have emerged as promising alternatives due to their multitarget therapeutic potential. Cordia sebestena L., belonging to the family Boraginaceae, is traditionally employed for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative stress–related disorders. The ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena is reported to contain flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review comprehensively evaluates the cardioprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena against myocardial infarction, focusing on its phytochemical profile, mechanistic pathways, experimental evidence, and future therapeutic prospects. The collective findings suggest that Cordia sebestena exhibits significant cardioprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress, stabilizing myocardial membranes, modulating inflammatory mediators, and preventing cardiomyocyte apoptosis.