Pharmacoeconomics in India: Comparative Assessment of Cost-effectiveness, Policy Implications and Adoption of Best Practices from Developed and Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Countries.

Abstract

This study offers an in-depth, policy-oriented and analytically driven evaluation of Pharmacoeconomics within the Indian healthcare system. It integrates a structured review of both domestic and international evidence with a comparative examination of health technology assessment mechanisms and pharmaceutical pricing policies in developed economies and BRICS nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. A bespoke decision-analytic framework, based on an oncology Markov model, is developed to assess cost-effectiveness and financial impact across multiple pricing and reimbursement scenarios. The analysis estimates anticipated health outcomes alongside fiscal implications associated with the adoption of selected policy instruments, such as strengthened HTA processes through HTAIn, value-based pricing approaches, managed entry agreements, and formalized price negotiation strategies adapted to India’s institutional environment and inter-state diversity in healthcare delivery. The study further outlines actionable policy pathways, supported by an implementation framework detailing timelines, resource needs, and performance indicators. Comprehensive references and supplementary appendices, including model specifications, parameter inputs, and stakeholder consultation tools, accompany the manuscript.