International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Life Sciences
A Review on Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring and Current Status of Pharmacovigilance Activities in India
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems, including herbal medicines. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) is one of the common causes of prolonged hospitalization and death among patients. Pharmacovigilance plays a key role in the surveillance of adverse drug reactions. Around 10% of hospital admissions are estimated to be due to ADRs and about 5-20% of hospitalized patients experience a serious ADR. Pharmacovigilance plays a prominent role in establishing the safety profile of marketed drugs pharmacovigilance is an important and integral part of the safe practice of medicine. Only a small proportion of the ADR are reported to the central monitoring center. Most of the ADR’s go unrecognized in the guise of a disease or a symptom of a disease. Spontaneous reporting is a method of ADR identification that relies on healthcare professionals to identify and report suspected ADRs. The major limitation of this method is under-reporting. Patient reporting of ADRs aims to increase the number of reported ADRs and is, therefore, another way to improve treatment safety. Hence there is a need for better reporting of ADRs and the creation of a database that allows feedback and drug alerts by the central agency (PvPI) and better management of patients. Causality assessment is the method by which the extent of the relationship between a drug and a suspected reaction is established. The majority of ADRs were probable in causality and moderate in severity. However, the preventability assessment was a challenge for the data of this study. There is a necessity to increase awareness of the importance of ADR reporting among healthcare professionals must be followed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Preparation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-Dandruff Shampoo
Dandruff is one of the most common scalp disorders affecting a large population worldwide. Although several synthetic anti-dandruff shampoos are available, their prolonged use may cause adverse effects such as scalp irritation, dryness, and hair damage. Herbal formulations offer a safer and more economical alternative due to their natural origin and reduced side effects. The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoo containing Acacia concinna, Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, and Aloe vera. The shampoo was prepared using herbal extracts and evaluated for various physicochemical and performance parameters including physical appearance, pH, percentage solid content, cleaning action, detergency ability, foam stability, microbial activity, and stability studies. The formulated shampoo exhibited a pleasant green appearance with good homogeneity and acceptable consistency. The pH of the formulation was found to be 5.8, which is compatible with scalp and hair physiology. The solid content was 24.11±0.03%, indicating good product quality and ease of application. The formulated shampoo demonstrated satisfactory cleaning ability (34±0.04%) and detergency power (67±0.72%), which were superior to the standard formulation. Foam stability studies revealed good foam retention throughout the test period, indicating desirable cleansing performance. Antimicrobial evaluation showed effective activity against dandruff-associated microorganisms including Malassezia furfur, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger. Stability studies confirmed that the formulation remained physically stable under the tested conditions. The results indicate that the developed polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoo possesses good cleansing properties, acceptable physicochemical characteristics, promising antimicrobial activity, and excellent stability. Therefore, the formulation may serve as a safe and effective herbal alternative for the management of dandruff and maintenance of healthy hair.
Development and Validation of a Laser Diffraction-Based Particle Size Characterization Method for Carbamazepine Oral Suspension USP (100 mg/5 mL)
Particle size distribution (PSD) is a critical quality attribute in pharmaceutical suspensions, as it directly influences physical stability, sedimentation behavior, redispersibility, dissolution rate, dose uniformity, and bioavailability. Carbamazepine Oral Suspension USP (100 mg/5 mL), a widely used anticonvulsant formulation, contains a poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient whose therapeutic performance can be significantly affected by particle size characteristics. The present study was undertaken to develop and validate a reliable analytical method for determining the particle size distribution of Carbamazepine Oral Suspension USP (100 mg/5 mL) using laser diffraction technology. Particle size measurements were performed using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 equipped with a Hydro 3000 (S) wet dispersion unit. Sample preparation and analytical conditions were optimized to ensure uniform dispersion and accurate particle size characterization. The developed method was validated in accordance with established analytical validation principles with respect to precision, intermediate precision, and robustness. Method precision was evaluated through six independent sample preparations, while intermediate precision was assessed by a second analyst on a different day. Robustness was examined by introducing deliberate variations in critical analytical parameters. The obtained results demonstrated acceptable variability, with percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) values remaining within predefined acceptance criteria for d(0.1), d(0.5), and d(0.9) particle size measurements. The validation data confirmed that the developed method is precise, reproducible, and robust for the assessment of particle size distribution in Carbamazepine Oral Suspension USP (100 mg/5 mL). The method is suitable for routine quality control testing, formulation development, process monitoring, and stability studies. Consequently, the validated procedure provides a reliable analytical tool for ensuring consistent product quality, performance, and regulatory compliance throughout the product lifecycle.
Development and Evaluation of Controlled-Release Matrix Tablets of Quetiapine Fumarate Using Hydrophilic Polymers
The present study aimed to develop controlled-release matrix tablets of quetiapine fumarate using various hydrophilic polymers to prolong drug release and reduce dosing frequency. Matrix tablets containing quetiapine fumarate were prepared by direct compression using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M) and guar gum as release-retarding polymers. Precompression parameters including angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner ratio were evaluated. The compressed tablets were assessed for hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The powder blends exhibited satisfactory flow properties. All formulations complied with pharmacopeial requirements for post-compression parameters. Drug release studies were performed in 0.1N hydrochloric acid for 2 hours followed by phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for 6 hours. Among the formulations, F2 containing HPMC K15M exhibited sustained drug release of 97.3% over 8 hours and demonstrated desirable controlled-release characteristics. Formulations prepared with higher concentrations of HPMC K100M showed slower drug release, whereas guar gum formulations failed to provide the desired release profile. The study concludes that HPMC K15M is an effective polymer for developing controlled-release quetiapine fumarate tablets.
Comparative Evaluation of Erythropoietin therapy with and Without Iron Supplementation in Anemia Among CKD Patients on Hemodialysis
Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant clinical challenge resulting from impaired endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production and reduced red blood cell survival, necessitating therapeutic intervention to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. This prospective observational study evaluated the comparative efficacy and clinical impact of erythropoietin therapy administered with and without iron supplementation (intravenous or oral) in 83 CKD patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad, comprising 56 males (67.5%) and 27 females (32.5%), aged 20–80 years. Hypertension emerged as the predominant underlying etiology of CKD (68% of patients), followed by diabetes mellitus, with anemia prevalence increasing progressively with advancing age, reflecting the age-related decline in renal erythropoietin synthesis. Treatment pattern analysis revealed heterogeneous EPO utilization: some patients received regular erythropoietin therapy, others received irregular dosing, and 33 patients (39.8%) did not receive EPO due to socioeconomic constraints. Hemoglobin correction and clinical outcomes were substantially superior in patients receiving erythropoietin in combination with iron supplementation, particularly those receiving intravenous iron, compared to those on EPO monotherapy or irregular treatment regimens. Both oral and intravenous iron supplementation enhanced erythropoietin response; however, intravenous administration demonstrated superior efficacy in patients with advanced anemia or compromised gastrointestinal absorption. Adherence to regular erythropoietin therapy combined with appropriate iron supplementation significantly enhanced anemia management, slowed CKD disease progression, and improved patient-reported quality of life measures. Conversely, irregular treatment patterns or financial inability to access therapy were associated with persistent anemia, increased complications, and adverse clinical outcomes. These findings establish erythropoietin combined with iron supplementation as a cornerstone therapeutic strategy in anemia management for hemodialysis patients. The study underscores the critical importance of early diagnosis and aggressive management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus to mitigate CKD progression. Additionally, socioeconomic support mechanisms and patient counseling regarding medication adherence are essential to optimize treatment accessibility and clinical efficacy. Future investigations should prioritize identification of cost-effective iron supplementation strategies, evaluation of newer erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and development of comprehensive management protocols integrating nutritional support, blood pressure control, and hematologic optimization to enhance long-term survival and quality of life in CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
Comparative Study of Efficacy of Addition of Prokinetics to Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by acid reflux and associated symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. This prospective observational study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of combination therapy comprising proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with three different prokinetic agents in 86 GERD patients aged 20–80 years (mean age: 35.5 years) at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, with male predominance (57%). Baseline symptom assessment using the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) identified belching as the most prevalent symptom (62 patients, 68.9%), followed by chest pain, regurgitation, and heartburn. Patients were stratified into three treatment groups: domperidone (51.2%), itopride (25.6%), or cinitapride (23.3%), all administered in combination with standard PPI therapy. Clinical evaluations were conducted at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The results demonstrated substantial symptom improvement across all three prokinetics when combined with PPIs, with marked variation in therapeutic efficacy. Cinitapride exhibited the superior efficacy profile, achieving 65% improvement in heartburn, 90% in regurgitation, 70% in belching, and 50% in chest pain. Itopride demonstrated moderate efficacy with 49.09% improvement in heartburn, 59.09% in regurgitation, and 45.45% in both belching and chest pain. Domperidone showed modest improvement rates of 59.09% in heartburn, 56.81% in regurgitation and belching, and 34.09% in chest pain. Overall, 65.1% of patients reported clinically significant improvement after 12 weeks of combination therapy, while 34.9% showed no meaningful change. The safety profiles of all three prokinetics were favorable, with minimal adverse effects reported. These findings establish the clinical value of combination therapy (PPI + prokinetic) in managing GERD, particularly in patients with persistent or refractory symptoms unresponsive to PPI monotherapy. The superior efficacy of cinitapride suggests the importance of individualized prokinetic agent selection based on symptom profile and patient-specific factors. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials are recommended to validate these outcomes, establish optimal prokinetic dosing regimens, and refine evidence-based guidelines for prokinetic utilization in GERD management within the Indian population.
Study of Incidence of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya Fevers among Febrile Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital
Vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, and chikungunya remain significant public health concerns in tropical and subtropical regions, necessitating comprehensive epidemiological studies to guide prevention and control strategies. This prospective observational study was conducted over six months among febrile patients attending the In-Patient Department of General Medicine at King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam. Following Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed written consent, detailed clinical histories and examinations were performed on all enrolled patients, with data analysis conducted using SPSS software and appropriate statistical techniques. Among 100 patients studied, males predominated (52%) compared to females (48%), with malaria accounting for 72% of cases, dengue 24%, and chikungunya 4%, reflecting the higher prevalence of vector-borne diseases among males attributed to increased outdoor occupational activities and greater exposure to day-biting mosquitoes. The highest prevalence was observed in the 13–35 years age group, consistent with other Indian epidemiological studies, as active adults engage in more outdoor work, thereby increasing infection risk. Gender-specific analysis revealed notable differences: females were more affected by malaria (55.5%), males predominated in dengue infections (66.6%), while chikungunya affected both genders equally (50%). Seasonal trends demonstrated that infection rates commenced rising in August, peaked in September and October, and coincided with increased mosquito activity during monsoon and post-monsoon periods, particularly facilitating dengue vector transmission. Clinical complications varied by infection type: malaria presented with thrombocytopenia, jaundice, anemia, acute kidney injury, hepatitis, and pneumonia, while dengue manifested with thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury, and jaundice. Co-infections of malaria with dengue and dengue with chikungunya were documented. Geographic analysis revealed higher disease prevalence in rural areas including Paderu, Chodavaram, Pendurthi, Gajuwaka, Anakapalli, and surrounding villages, with Plasmodium falciparum and Aedes aegypti vectors predominating in these regions. Environmental factors such as marshy areas, inadequate sanitation, unplanned urbanization, and construction activities provided optimal breeding grounds for mosquito vectors. In tribal and high-humidity regions of Visakhapatnam, parasite growth contributed to life-threatening disease manifestations. Prevention strategies recommended include promoting awareness regarding clean living conditions, distribution and utilization of mosquito coils and insecticide-treated nets, and implementation of government-led vector control and disease prevention programs. As this hospital-based observational study encompassed a limited sample size with fewer patients presenting with febrile symptoms, the findings may not be generalizable to the broader population. Future investigations should prioritize larger-scale, longitudinal studies with extended follow-up periods to validate these findings and provide more robust epidemiological data for guiding public health interventions in endemic regions.
Transforming Patient Care through Clinical Pharmacy: Integration of AI, Pharmacogenomics, and Evidence-Based Practice
Clinical pharmacy has transformed into a patient centred and evidence-based discipline that emphasizes the optimization of pharmacotherapy and the improvement of healthcare outcomes. The integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, pharmacogenomics, and digital health platforms has further strengthened clinical decision-making and patient monitoring. Patient care analysis plays a central role in clinical pharmacy by enabling systematic evaluation of therapeutic regimens, identification of drug-related problems, and development of individualized treatment strategies. This article presents a comprehensive and updated theoretical overview of clinical pharmacy practice, including its conceptual foundations, evolving roles, structured approaches to patient care analysis, and the influence of modern technological advancements. Additionally, the impact, challenges, and future directions of clinical pharmacy services are critically discussed.
Hypocalcaemia as a Consequence of Blood Transfusion in the Patients with Liver Impairment and General Approaches for the Management
Background: Hypocalcaemia is a potentially life-threatening complication of blood transfusion, especially in patients with liver dysfunction. Citrate in stored blood products chelates ionized calcium (Ca²⁺). In liver-impaired patients, reduced citrate metabolism leads to citrate accumulation and prolonged hypocalcaemia, which may impair cardiac, neuromuscular, and coagulation functions. Methodology: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 150 adult patients with liver impairment who underwent blood transfusion (whole blood, PRBCs, FFP, and platelets). Serum calcium levels were measured at baseline and up to 48 hours post-transfusion. Patient demographics, transfusion details, onset of hypocalcaemia, clinical manifestations, and calcium supplementation were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to determine correlations and predictors of hypocalcaemia. Results: Among 150 patients, 52.6% developed moderate hypocalcaemia, 32% mild, and 15.3% severe hypocalcaemia. The onset most occurred commonly 6–24 hours after transfusion. A significant inverse correlation was observed between transfusion units and serum calcium levels (r = –0.496, p < 0.001). Whole blood and PRBCs were most associated with calcium depletion. Symptoms ranged from muscle cramps to arrhythmias. Intravenous calcium chloride was commonly used, with 37.3% of patients achieving normocalcaemia within 24–48 hours. Conclusion: Transfusion-associated hypocalcaemia is common and clinically significant in patients with liver impairment, especially with multiple citrate-rich transfusions. Reduced hepatic citrate metabolism increases the risk of prolonged calcium chelation and related complications. Routine ionized calcium monitoring and early intravenous calcium supplementation are essential to improve patient outcomes.
A New Validated Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine in Combined Tablet Dosage Form
A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method optimization involved systematic trials with varying chromatographic conditions, including column selection, mobile phase composition, pH, flow rate, and detection wavelength. The final method employed a Platisil C18-ODS column (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 50% 0.1% formic acid (pH 4.5) and 50% methanol, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and UV detection at 230 nm. System suitability parameters such as retention time, theoretical plates, and tailing factor were within acceptable limits, confirming the method’s efficiency and reliability. Validation was performed according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent analytical performance. Assay results showed drug content of 99.1% for Sulfadoxine and 98.6% for Pyrimethamine. Linearity was observed over wide concentration ranges with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9996, respectively. Precision and intermediate precision studies yielded %RSD values below 2%, indicating high repeatability and ruggedness. Recovery studies confirmed accuracy within the 98–102% range, while LOD and LOQ values (0.02 µg/ml for Sulfadoxine and 0.05 µg/ml for Pyrimethamine) highlighted the method’s sensitivity. Robustness testing under slight variations in flow rate and mobile phase composition showed consistent results, affirming the method’s suitability for routine quality control of combined dosage formulations.
A Study on Evaluation of Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Myocardial Infarction Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Myocardial infarction colloquially known as “heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in cardiology department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 95 patients were enrolled in the study. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic strategies for management of Myocardial infarction patients in a tertiary care hospital. Results and Discussion: In our study 41-50 years age patients were more 35(36.84%) compared to other ages. In our study male patients were more 57(60%), compared to female patients were 38 (40 %). Coronary arteries involvement includes LCX patients were more 41 (43.15%) compared to LMCA patients were 25 (26.31%), RCA patients were 29 (30.52%). Drug prescribing pattern for Myocardial infarction management includes Beta blockers prescribed patients were more 22 (23.15%), compared to other drugs. Number of drugs prescribed by Generic name was 118, Number of drugs prescribed by Brand name was 642, Drugs included in National list of essential medicines was 95. Conclusion: The study highlights the promotion of rational use of drugs by continuous encouraging generic prescriptions. The periodic verification of prescription pattern studies would be encouraged to ensure rational drug use in the medical practice.
A Study on Evaluation of Renal Drug Dosing Practices, Stages, Treatment Profile and Outcomes in Kidney Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Kidney damage refers to pathologic abnormalities suggested by imaging studies or renal biopsy, abnormalities in urinary sediment, or increased urinary albumin excretion rates. The true incidence and prevalence of CKD are challenging to determine due to the asymptomatic nature of early to moderate stages. Methodology: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in Nephrology department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study. Aim: The study aimed to assess the renal dosing practices, stages, treatment profile and outcomes in kidney disease patients in a tertiary care hospital. Results & Discussion: In our study 36-45 years age patients were 59(29.5%) as compared to other ages. Stages of renal failure includes 5 stage patients were more 66(33%) as compared to other renal failure stages. Clinical manifestations of renal failure Patients Dysuria patients were more 63 (31.5%), as compared to other clinical symptoms. Drug prescribing pattern for renal failure management includes ACE inhibitors prescribed drugs patients were more 56 (28%) as compared to ARB prescribed drugs patients were 52 (26%), Calcitriol prescribed drugs patients were 33 (16.5%), Vitamin D prescribed drugs patients were 25 (12.5%), Atorvastatin prescribed drugs patients were 34 (17%). Conclusion: To combat the rising burden of CKD, comprehensive strategies must be implemented, including early detection, management of underlying conditions, lifestyle modifications, and public health interventions to address environmental and genetic factors at the clinical level.
A prospective study on comorbidities associated with Asthma and its Therapeutic outcomes
Introduction: It is characterized by inflammation of the airways, causing intermittent airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Aim: The study aimed to assess risk burden of asthma associated comorbidities and its therapeutic outcomes in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in General medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study. Results and Discussion: In our study 36-45 years age patients were more 67(33.5%) compared to other ages. In our study Male patients were more 142 (71%), compared to Female patients were 58 (29%). Risk factors profile for Asthma includes Viral infections patients were more 54 (27%) compared to other categories. Family history of Asthma includes positive patients were more 178(89%), compared to Negative patients were 22(11%). Severity of Asthma includes Mild Persistent patients were more 65(32.5%) compared to other categories. Co morbidities associated with Asthma includes Epilepsy patients were more 55 (27.5%) compared to other categories. The Treatment for Asthma includes corticosteroids prescribed patients were 54(27%) compared to other drugs. Conclusion: The study concludes that Health care professionals need to update with the current treatment guidelines. Prescribing of generic drugs should be promoted which would lower the economic burden and improve the patient compliance.
Quality by Design Approach in HPLC Method Development and Validation of Iptacopn Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
A simple, precise, and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of Iptacopan in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Inspire C18 column (150×4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid (35:65 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 230 nm. The method demonstrated excellent system suitability, with a USP plate count of 4932.41 and a tailing factor of 1.22. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 10–50µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.999. Precision studies showed %RSD values of 0.7% for repeatability and 0.5% for intermediate precision, indicating high reproducibility. Accuracy, evaluated through recovery studies, yielded a mean recovery of 98.10%, within the acceptable range of 98–102%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.57 µg/mL and 1.98 µg/mL, respectively. Robustness studies confirmed that small deliberate changes in flow rate and mobile phase composition did not significantly affect method performance. The validated method meets all ICH criteria and is suitable for routine quality control analysis of Iptacopan in bulk and dosage forms, offering high sensitivity, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness.
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Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Fosinopril
The study successfully developed sustained release tablets of Fosinopril using a validated UV spectrophotometric method for accurate drug quantification. The method showed a strong linear relationship within the tested concentration range, ensuring precise measurement. Solid dispersions with HP-β-cyclodextrin significantly enhanced the drug’s solubility and dissolution, with the kneaded complex achieving over 90% release within an hour. Pre-compression characterization indicated good flow and compressibility of tablet blends, essential for efficient manufacturing. Post-compression evaluations confirmed tablets had uniform weight, appropriate hardness, low friability, and consistent drug content, meeting pharmacopeial standards. In vitro studies highlighted a controlled and sustained drug release over 12 hours, governed by diffusion and erosion mechanisms. Overall, the formulations offer improved dissolution profiles and controlled delivery of Fosinopril, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
The Current Insights on Diagnostic Profile, Clinical Manifestations and Evidence Based Treatment for Prevention of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic, immunological, endocrine, and environmental factors influence the loss of immunological tolerance against self-antigens leading to the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies that cause tissue damage through multiple mechanisms. The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus varies globally, with a worldwide average of about 5.14 cases per 100,000 person-years, but regional and ethnic differences exist. Incidence is higher in women than men, and certain populations, such as African Americans, have a higher incidence compared to Caucasians. Diagnosis of SLE can be challenging, and while several classification criteria have been posed, their utility in the clinical setting is still a matter of debate. The SLE cannot be prevented, individuals can manage triggers and reduce flare-ups by protecting their skin from the sun, eating a healthy diet, managing stress, getting regular exercise, and avoiding smoking. Regular health checkups with a clinician is also crucial for monitoring health and addressing concerns that could contribute to flares. Management of SLE is dictated by organ system involvement. Systemic lupus erythematosus treatment involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce flares, tailored to the individual's specific needs. Common treatments include anti-inflammatory drugs for mild symptoms, antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine for immune modulation, and corticosteroids for reducing inflammation.
Retrospective Study of Complications Risk factors and Management of Pancreatitis
Liver disease seems to be a serious and potentially soul inflammatory condition. Characterized even by inflammatory conditions of liver. This introduces in the both acute but instead chronic. Forms, of different degrees like magnitude. One such intangible intends to stipulate its problems, risk Factors, as well as management techniques related to liver disease. Complications: liver disease could cause various problems, varies from minor versus serious. Some frequent causes are including pseudocysts, biliary necrotic lesions, disease, organ Failure, and also in serious case. Risk factors: several risk variables support the development after all foyer design with glossy. These Include leader in the automotive, consumption of alcohol, genetic tendency, sure meds, high Triglyceride levels, retroperitoneal injury, pathogens, as well as certain medical conditions acetaminophen, doxycycline coordinating and assessing the above risk variables were also essential in both the prevention like liver disease. Management: along cases of acute, treatment is focused to either treating pain, hydration, and Nutritional support. Identifying and resolving its underlying factor, like gallstone. Removal but rather booze stoppage, is crucial. Extreme situations might well necessitate hospital treatment, intensive Care, but also and or surgical initiatives. Severe liver disease mangers almost always involves pain leadership, essential cofactor therapeutic, nutrition adaptation, as well as lifestyle modifications. In certain instances, procedure could be deemed of between relieve suffering and cure issues.
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Solubility Enhancement and Formulation of Lovastatin Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Self emulsifying formulations spread readily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the digestive motility of the stomach and the intestine provide the agitation necessary for self emulsification. These systems advantageously present the drug in dissolved form and the small droplet size provides a large interfacial area for the drug absorption. Hence in the present research a novel dosage form of liquid SMEDDS of Lovastatin was formulated and developed to enhance their solubility and dissolution, which may enhance the oral absorption and therapeutic performance of drug. From pseudo ternary PD, highest microemulsion zone found was at Smix ratio (4:1). From pseudo ternary diagram, quantitative selection of vehicles was done and liquid SMEDDS formulations of lovastatin were prepared (L1 to L5) by varying concentration of oil and Smix. The SMEDDS L2 showed high negative zetapotential near to range, homogenous globule distribution (from PDI), smaller droplets, high %T and % drug content.L2 showed drug release of 99 % whereas pure drug showed 30.5 % at 30 min in pH 1.2. L2 showed drug release of 99 % whereas pure drug showed 54.9 % at 30 min in pH 7.0 buffer with SLS, L2 showed drug release of 98.9 % whereas pure drug showed 33.92% at 30 min in pH 7.0 buffer without SLS, which indicate drastic improvement in drug release from liquid SMEDDS L2 in comparison to pure drug.
Formulation and evaluation of enteric coated tablets of Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor, belongs to group of benzimidazole, Pantoprazole sodium were prepared by direct compression method using different concentration of, microcrystalline cellulose as filler, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate as diluents, crosscarmellose sodium as disintegrating agents, magnesium stearate and talc was used as a glidant and lubricant respectively. Direct compression is economic compare to wet granulation since it requires fewer unit operations. This means less equipment, lower power consumption, less space, less time and less labour leading to reduced production cost of tablets. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability and drug content uniformity and it was found that the results comply with official standards. The prepared tablets were coated using enteric coating polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, Eudragit L100 and by dip coating method. The in vitro release was studied using acidic buffer pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer pH 6.8. Prepared all batch’s C2F9 was found best, with hardness 5.60 ± 0.24 (Kg/cm2), drug content 99.08 ± 0.35(%), disintegration time 7.02± 0.21(min), and percentage cumulative drug released which started after 120 min and reached 99.72 after 180 min. Stability studies indicated that the developed tablets were stable and retained their pharmaceutical properties at room temperature and 40 °C / 75% RH for a period of 3 month.
To Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Combination of Teneligliptin and Pioglitazone (Tiban P) in Iraqi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of combination of teneligliptin and pioglitazone on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in real-world settings in Iraq. Methods: This was a 3-month, prospective - post-marketing surveillance study to observe the efficacy and safety of dual-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC) of teneligliptin 20 mg and pioglitazone 15 mg (treatment 1 – Tiban P) and teneligliptin 20 mg and pioglitazone 30 mg (treatment 2 – Tiban P) in patients with T2DM in real-world settings in Iraq. Inclusion criteria for patients were –age ≥18 years, diagnosed with T2DM with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%, agreed to provide informed consent, and had been prescribed FDC of teneligliptin 20 mg and pioglitazone 15 mg or teneligliptin 20 mg and pioglitazone 30 mg once daily for the management of T2DM. The study exclusion criteria were –patients with type 1 diabetes, severe diabetic complications, severe liver dysfunction, hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the study medications, and those who were pregnant, lactating, or considered ineligible based on the doctor's opinion. Results: A statistically significant reduction (p<0.0001) was observed in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and postprandial blood glucose in patients with diabetes being treated with FDC of pioglitazone + teneligliptin. Twelve adverse events (AEs) were noted in 12 patients during the study. No serious AEs or hypoglycemia events were reported in this study. Conclusion: Teneligliptin and pioglitazone combination is effective and safe in managing T2DM in adult Iraqi patients.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Unidirectional Buccal Patches Loaded with Carbamazepine: A Comprehensive Formulation Study
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used for epilepsy but has also been reported to have effect in treating bipolar disorder. The absorption is 75% because of first pass hepatic metabolism, Its half-life is 10-20hrs and it is a BCS – class II drug. Thus formulating an immediate release CBZ fast dissolving buccal films formulation for the speedy release of the drug was planned. FTIR analysis was done to know the compatibility of the drug with the excipients which are used in formulation of the drug. Preparation of fast dissolving buccal films by selecting various concentration of Sodium Saccharin Gel (SSG), croscarmellose and crospovidone. Coating solvent method was employed for the preparation of films. Various characteristics such as weight, thickness, surface pH, tensile strength, diffusion studies and its release kinetics were determined for the prepared film formulations. It was observed that all the films were within surface approximate, close to the neutral pH level and all of them were found to have content uniformity. The result shown here also clearly depict that the F4 formulation has higher release profile as compared to other all formulations. From the above data, it was perceived that increase in concentration of crospovidone will enhance the release profile of the formulation. It was seen that release kinetics depends on higuchi equation. Due to good tensile strength and the ability to get more than % drug release, more concentration crospovidone used film formulations was selected for the study.
Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Cyclosporine for Anti-Rheumatoid Activity
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant that has been widely used as a gold standard treatment for various conditions. Beyond its primary role in immunosuppression, CsA has shown promise in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and dry eye syndrome. However, its use is limited by challenges such as high molecular weight, low solubility, and a narrow therapeutic index. To address these constraints, several novel formulations have been developed, including microemulsions, self-emulsifying systems, nanoparticles, and microspheres, which aim to improve drug delivery efficiency via different routes (oral, ocular, and topical). Additionally, techniques like iontophoresis and ultrasound-mediated delivery have been explored to enhance CsA permeability in topical applications. While recent advances in cyclosporine delivery hold promise, further research is needed to develop safe, efficacious, and stable formulations. CsA remains a valuable option for treating inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, but ongoing studies are essential to optimize its clinical translation.
Polymer Based Nanocarriers: A Promising Platform for Targeted Drug Delivery
Polymer-based nanocarriers have revolutionized modern drug delivery by offering precise control over therapeutic release, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced off-target effects. Owing to their tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and structural versatility, these nanocarriers provide an adaptable platform for the delivery of a wide range of drugs, including small molecules, peptides, and nucleic acids. Various polymeric systems such as micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, and polymeric nanoparticles have been designed to respond to specific biological or environmental stimuli, including pH, temperature, redox potential, and enzymatic activity, thereby ensuring site-specific and controlled drug release. Both natural (e.g., chitosan, alginate, gelatin) and synthetic (e.g., PEG, PLGA, polylactic acid) polymers have been explored to fabricate nanocarriers with desirable mechanical strength, degradation profiles, and surface functionality. However, despite these advances, challenges related to large-scale synthesis, reproducibility, stability, and long-term safety remain key hurdles for clinical translation.
A Review on Prepraration and Evaluation of Herbal Shampoo and Its Applications
The Herbal shampoo is a cosmetic preparation that uses herbs from plants and it is meant for washing hair and scalp just like a regular shampoo. It serves as an alternative to commercially available synthetic shampoo. Hair is an integral part of human beauty. In humans, it serves as lot of purposes like protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromonas productions and thermoregulations. Hair care products are used for many purposes like cleaning, modifies hair texture, provides nourishment to hair and give a healthy look to hair. A shampoo is basically a solution of a detergent containing suitable additives for other benefits such as hair-conditioning enhancement, lubrication, medication etc. Now-a-days many synthetic, herbal, medicated and non-medicated shampoos are available in the market but popularity of herbal shampoo among consumers is on rise because of their belief that these products being of natural origin are safe and free from side effects. Herbal shampoos are the cosmetic preparations that with the use of traditional ayurvedic herbs are meant for cleansing the hair and scalp just like the regular shampoo. They are used for removal of oils, dandruff, dirt, environmental pollutions etc. It is used to cleansing of the hair also conditioning, smoothing, of the hair surface, good health of hair, hair free of dandruff, dirt grease and lice above all, its safety benefits are expected. There is a few efforts are needed in manufacturing, their advantages in safety, eco-friendliness, and holistic hair care make them a preferred choice for consumers.
Prospective Study on Pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions to Anti-Cancer Drugs at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Cancer is a very complicated sequence of disease conditions progressing gradually with a generalized loss of growth control. There were only a few options of cancer treatment for patients for many decades which include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy as single treatments or in combination. The present study aimed to assess pattern of adverse drug reactions to anti-cancer drugs at a tertiary care hospital. The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in Pediatrics department in a tertiary care hospital. Mouth organs affected cancer patients were more 24(32 %) as compared to Brain organs affected patients were 14 (18.66%). In our study Surgery treatment patients were more 34 (45.33%) as compared to other chemo therapy patients. Prescribed drugs during the cancer treatment includes Pemitrexate prescribed drugs patients were more 18(24%) as compared to other prescribed drugs 126-133. The anti-cancer drugs ADR includes Nausea and vomiting patients were more 34 (45.33%), compared to Alopecia patients were 25 (33.33%), Numbness and Constipation patients were 16 (21.33%). Epidemiological information on cancer including the pattern and socio-demographic factors is fundamental in determining the priorities for cancer control in the given population group. The cancer registries in India take into account only a representative sample of the whole country. This study shows that there is marked difference in the cancer pattern of our hospital in comparison with the national statistics. Hence factors leading to such high incidence should be analyzed and steps towards prevention of this type of cancer should be taken to reduce the morbidity and mortality of cancer. Further, more such research can be conducted all over the country to find the cancer pattern of different areas and thus pave the way for effective preventive measures.
Formulation and Evaluation of gastro retentive Tablet of verapamil
This study developed and evaluated mouth disintegrating tablets (MDTs) of Empagliflozin to enhance patient compliance and rapid drug onset. Using UV spectrophotometry (λmax 225nm in 0.1NHCl), MDTs were prepared via direct compression with superdisintegrants SSG, Crospovidone, and Croscarmellose sodium. All formulations met pharmacopeial standards. Batch F-6 with Crospovidone showed the best performance, releasing 99% of the drug within 30 minutes. The findings confirm the effectiveness of a minimal-excipient, direct compression method for efficient Empagliflozin delivery.
Formulation and Assessment of Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets of Empagliflozin by Enhancing Dissolution Rate and Bioavailability
Preparation and Characterization of Labetalol Nanoparticles by Precipitation Techniques
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of controlled-release nanoparticles of Labetalol Hydrochloride to enhance its oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticles were successfully prepared using precipitation techniques incorporating biocompatible polymers such as Gelatin, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Eudragit S100. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the absence of chemical interactions between drug and polymers, ensuring compatibility. The prepared nanoparticles displayed a smooth, spherical morphology with size ranging from 122.01 ± 4 nm to 642.30 ± 3 nm and were characterized by high yield and uniform encapsulation.Zeta potential analysis indicated good colloidal stability of the nanoparticles, with the most stable formulation exhibiting a zeta potential of 20.1 ± 1.4 mV. Encapsulation efficiency varied between 32.0 ± 0.4% to 84.5 ± 0.6%, correlating directly with increased polymer concentrations. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained drug release profile, with reduced burst effect and prolonged duration attributed to polymer entrapment. The drug release followed a Super case–II transport mechanism, suggesting erosion-controlled kinetics. Among all formulations, LN1 showed the most favorable release profile with 86.01% of drug released over 12 hours. The controlled release behavior observed in this formulation suggests its potential utility in maintaining steady plasma levels and minimizing dosing frequency. These findings indicate the promise of the nanoparticulate system for enhancing the delivery of poorly water-soluble antihypertensive agents like Labetalol. In conclusion, nanoprecipitation proved to be an effective technique for developing polymeric nanoparticles of Labetalol with favorable physicochemical and release characteristics. The results suggest a significant improvement in the bioavailability of Labetalol, with potential application as a long-acting formulation. Further in vivo investigations are recommended to validate these findings and evaluate pharmacokinetic advantages in suitable animal models.
Trace Elements in the Soil of Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Monitoring trace elemental concentrations in the soils is essential for identifying changes in elemental contamination as the trace elements pose health hazards. The k0-instrumental neutron activation analysis (k0-INAA) was used to determine the concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Fe, Cd, K, Mn, and Zn in 8 soil samples of Tirupati. The concentrations of 4 potentially toxic elements were as follows As: 15.90–17.03 mg/kg, Cr: 48.89–80.45 mg/kg, Mn: 620–719 mg/kg, Zn: 61.52–150.20 mg/kg. The consumption of toxic metals in soil is a risk to public health.
Formulation and Evaluation of a Transdermal Drug Delivery System for a Lipid Lowering Drug Fluvastatin sodium
The present study focuses on the development of a fluvastatin sodium-loaded drug-in-adhesive (DIA) patch designed to address the limitations of daily oral drug administration. The patches were fabricated using the solvent casting method, incorporating acrylate emulsion polymers such as Covinax 525-78, Mowinyl 461, and Novacryl PSR32, which served as both sustained-release matrix polymers and adhesives. Methocel K-15M was included as a solubilizer, while permeation enhancers Transcutol, oleic acid, and isopropyl myristate were evaluated for their effectiveness. The Mowinyl–isopropyl myristate combination was further optimized using a 3² factorial design to investigate the impact of two independent variables: the concentration of the solubilizer and the permeation enhancer. The study measured responses including the percentage of drug release, tensile strength, and peel adhesion strength. The optimized patch demonstrated a cumulative drug release of 87.74% after 24 hours, a tensile strength of 12.75 kg/cm², and a peel adhesion strength of 32.44 N/25 mm. The Primary Irritation Index (PII) for the DIA patch was determined to be 0.22, indicating minimal skin irritation. Furthermore, in a Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemic rat model, the transdermal patch significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to oral administration (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that the developed fluvastatin sodium DIA patch is a promising candidate for transdermal drug delivery.
Acrylate emulsion polymers (Covinax 525-78, Mowinyl 461