The Current Insights on Diagnostic Profile, Clinical Manifestations and Evidence Based Treatment for Prevention of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic, immunological, endocrine, and environmental factors influence the loss of immunological tolerance against self-antigens leading to the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies that cause tissue damage through multiple mechanisms. The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus varies globally, with a worldwide average of about 5.14 cases per 100,000 person-years, but regional and ethnic differences exist. Incidence is higher in women than men, and certain populations, such as African Americans, have a higher incidence compared to Caucasians. Diagnosis of SLE can be challenging, and while several classification criteria have been posed, their utility in the clinical setting is still a matter of debate. The SLE cannot be prevented, individuals can manage triggers and reduce flare-ups by protecting their skin from the sun, eating a healthy diet, managing stress, getting regular exercise, and avoiding smoking. Regular health checkups with a clinician is also crucial for monitoring health and addressing concerns that could contribute to flares. Management of SLE is dictated by organ system involvement. Systemic lupus erythematosus treatment involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce flares, tailored to the individual's specific needs. Common treatments include anti-inflammatory drugs for mild symptoms, antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine for immune modulation, and corticosteroids for reducing inflammation.