Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Cyclosporine for Anti-Rheumatoid Activity

Abstract

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant that has been widely used as a gold standard treatment for various conditions. Beyond its primary role in immunosuppression, CsA has shown promise in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and dry eye syndrome. However, its use is limited by challenges such as high molecular weight, low solubility, and a narrow therapeutic index. To address these constraints, several novel formulations have been developed, including microemulsions, self-emulsifying systems, nanoparticles, and microspheres, which aim to improve drug delivery efficiency via different routes (oral, ocular, and topical). Additionally, techniques like iontophoresis and ultrasound-mediated delivery have been explored to enhance CsA permeability in topical applications. While recent advances in cyclosporine delivery hold promise, further research is needed to develop safe, efficacious, and stable formulations. CsA remains a valuable option for treating inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, but ongoing studies are essential to optimize its clinical translation.