International Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Medicines
Formulation and Characterization of Ingenol Mebutate in the Form of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles may play most important role in Lipophilic Molecules. Now a days Lipid-based Nanoparticle is used due to the presence of lipophilic Molecules as core material with good biocompatibility, Different types of approaches are been used for the development of nanoparticles and may use in a various type of diseases. Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) drug delivery system has very good results in chronic diseases. Actinic keratoses (AK), also known as sun keratoses or senile keratoses are benign intraepithelial neoplasms caused by abnormal keratinocyte proliferations. Hence in the present research Ingenol Mebutate SLNs were fabricated using various concentrations of lipids, surfactants and cryoprotectantants. Cold high-pressure homogenization was shown to produce smaller particles with improved entrapment effectiveness. The Particles size ranges from (209.6±4.57 to 502.1±8.9 nm), and formulation IGL 3 which contain 1% w/w Glycerol Monostearate and 3% w/w Glyceryl Behenate as Lipid for SLNs preparation shows better results for Mean Particles Size (234.1±8.45), Zeta Potential (-44±1.2), PDI (0.43±0.03), % EE (64±0.79) and Loading Capacity (48±2.6) with % cumulative drug release of 95.74±3.5 after 24 hours.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development Herbal Tea Blend with Medicinal Spices
Herbal teas are widely consumed functional beverages prepared using medicinal herbs and spices possessing therapeutic properties. The present study was aimed at the formulation and evaluation of spices-infused herbal tea using medicinal ingredients such as cinnamon, clove, cardamom, black pepper, fresh ginger, and dry ginger. These medicinal spices are rich in bioactive phytoconstituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and essential oils, which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, digestive, and immunomodulatory activities. The increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related disorders and growing awareness regarding natural healthcare have increased the demand for herbal beverages with health-promoting benefits. The crude drugs were collected from the local market, dried, powdered, and sieved to obtain fine powder. Two formulations were prepared: powdered herbal tea and honey-infused herbal tea shots. Organoleptic evaluation parameters such as colour, odour, taste, texture, and shape were assessed. Flow rate analysis and preliminary physicochemical evaluations were also performed to determine the quality and handling properties of the formulation. The herbal tea formulations exhibited pleasant aroma, acceptable taste, and desirable physical characteristics. Formulation-I showed a spicy taste with powder texture, whereas Formulation-II exhibited sweet taste with smooth and spherical characteristics due to the addition of honey binder. The formulations demonstrated promising potential as natural antioxidant and health-promoting beverages. The study concluded that spices-infused herbal tea can serve as a beneficial caffeine-free functional beverage with potential applications in preventive healthcare and nutraceutical industries.
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Development of Nutraceuticals for Management of PCOS and Iron Deficiency
The present study was aimed at developing and evaluating nutraceutical formulations using nutrient-rich seeds, nuts, and herbal ingredients for the management of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Two formulations, namely multigrain Nutri-Chikki and herbal leaf/nut powders, were prepared using pumpkin seeds, flax seeds, sesame seeds, watermelon seeds, almonds, dates, spinach, moringa, wheatgrass, asparagus, and Malabar spinach. The formulations were evaluated for nutritional and physicochemical parameters including protein content, fiber estimation, fat estimation, peroxide value, swelling index, hydration capacity, moisture content, crude fiber, and ash value. Organoleptic stability studies were also carried out for 45 days. The Nutri-Chikki formulation exhibited good organoleptic characteristics with no significant changes in taste, color, aroma, and texture during storage. Protein content was confirmed by Biuret reaction. Fiber estimation showed 20% crude fiber content, while fat estimation was found to be 16.6%. The peroxide value was 5.2%, indicating acceptable oxidative stability. The herbal leaf powder demonstrated satisfactory swelling index (55.6%), swelling capacity (1.4 ml/g), and hydration capacity (2.5 g water/g powder), indicating its suitability as a nutraceutical supplement. The developed formulations were rich in iron, folic acid, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals that may support the management of IDA and PCOS. The study concludes that multigrain Nutri-Chikki and herbal powders can serve as promising functional foods and nutraceutical products with potential therapeutic benefits.
In-vitro Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Mangifera Indica Leaves
Mango, which is also popularly known as king of fruits, botanically called as Mangifera indica which as multiple benefits for the whole plant according to traditional knowledge as well as literature search. The present study is aimed to prepare ethanolic extract of the shade dried leaves and it should be subjected for preliminary phytochemical screening to know about the secondary metabolites present in the extract and further subjected for determination of Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid and In-vitro anti-oxidant activity using DPPH scavenging assay. The present study reveals that ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica shows potent inhibition activity at different concentrations when compared with standard ascorbic acid and it has showed significant effect at 60µg/ml of extract with 10µg/ml. It is reveal that at lower concentration having high amount of phenols and flavonoids are inhibit effects is considered for the potent for further studies.
A Prospective Study on Assessment of Etiological Profile, and Clinical Characteristics for Therapeutic Management of Chronic Liver Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Chronic liver disease is a major global health threat and has emerged as a leading cause of human death. There are several causes behind the development of Chronic liver disease, but some of the most common include alcohol abuse, obesity/metabolic disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and viral hepatitis. Aim: The study aimed to assess etiological profile, and clinical characteristics for therapeutic management of chronic liver disease patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: It was Prospective observational study. The Present study was conducted for a period of six months. The Present study was conducted in General medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. The sample size was 55 Patients. Results: In our study 36-45 years age patients were more 22(44%) compared to other ages. In our study Alcoholic Liver Disease etiology patients were more 17 (34%) as compared to other etiological factors. Complications of chronic liver disease includes Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis patients were more 18(36%) compared to other complications. Clinical manifestations of chronic liver disease include Abdominal distension patients were more 14 (28%) compared to other symptoms. Lab test for chronic liver disease include AST (U/L) patients were more 10 (20%) compared to other lab test. Drug prescribing pattern for chronic liver disease includes Rifaximin 16 patients were more compared to other drugs. Conclusion: Strengthening preventive strategies, including lifestyle modifications, early screening for viral hepatitis, and optimized management protocols which is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality in chronic liver disease patients.
Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Dentifrices
Oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal infections are among the most prevalent health problems worldwide. The increasing use of synthetic oral care products containing chemical additives has raised concerns regarding their long-term safety and potential disruption of beneficial oral microflora. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal dentifrice using medicinal plants known for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties. Selected herbal ingredients including Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acacia nilotica, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, and others were incorporated into different formulations of herbal tooth powder. The prepared formulations were evaluated for organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, flow properties, phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity, and safety profile. The pH of the formulations ranged between 6.08 and 6.50, indicating compatibility with oral tissues. Moisture content (0.46%) and ash value (0.90%) confirmed the stability and purity of the formulation. Antimicrobial studies against Streptococcus mutans demonstrated zones of inhibition ranging from 12–18 mm, indicating effective antibacterial activity. Among the formulations, F2 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. Safety evaluation through patch testing revealed no signs of irritation or adverse reactions. The results suggest that polyherbal dentifrices can serve as safe, economical, and effective alternatives to synthetic oral care products for maintaining oral hygiene and microbial balance.
Comparative In-vitro Antifungal Activity and Phytochemical Profiling of Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum) and Pumpkin Seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
Fungal infections have become a growing public health concern due to increasing resistance to conventional antifungal drugs and their associated toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and comparatively evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) and pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp.), two widely consumed functional foods with potential medicinal properties. Seeds and their oils were procured from a local distributor in Nellore, India, and subjected to pharmacognostical evaluation including organoleptic analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening using standard qualitative tests. Antifungal activity was assessed against Aspergillus species using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium by measuring the zone of inhibition after incubation. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of several bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, sterols, and fixed oils in both seed samples. The antifungal assay revealed measurable inhibition of fungal growth in all tested samples. Ground flax seed extract produced the highest zone of inhibition (4.3 cm), followed by pumpkin seed extract (3.7 cm), pumpkin seed oil (3.0 cm), and flax seed oil (1.8 cm). These findings indicate that both seeds possess notable antifungal potential, likely due to their rich phytochemical composition. In conclusion, flax seeds and pumpkin seeds demonstrate promising natural antifungal activity and may serve as potential sources for the development of plant-based antifungal agents, although further detailed studies are required to confirm their mechanisms and clinical applicability.
Formulation and Characterization of Herbal Topical Preparation for Wound Healing
The present study focuses on the development and evaluation of a polyherbal topical gel formulation for wound healing activity using Plumbago zeylanica, Datura stramonium, and Argemone mexicana. Wound healing is a complex biological process involving inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, often affected by microbial infection and oxidative stress. Herbal medicines, rich in bioactive phytoconstituents, offer a safer and effective alternative to synthetic drugs. In this study, plant extracts were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and evaluated for physicochemical properties, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. The polyherbal formulation demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and other bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH assay showed significant free radical scavenging activity, with the polyherbal extract exhibiting superior activity compared to individual extracts. Antimicrobial studies revealed effective inhibition against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The formulated gel showed acceptable physicochemical properties, stability, and sustained drug release. The study concludes that the developed polyherbal gel is a promising, safe, and effective formulation for wound healing applications.
In-Vitro Studies on Biological Activities of Some Lichen Extracts
Lichens are unique symbiotic organisms composed of fungal and photosynthetic partners that produce a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites with significant pharmacological potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemical composition and evaluate the biological activities of selected lichen species collected from Ooty, Tamil Nadu. The lichens were identified using morphological, chemical, and chromatographic techniques, followed by extraction using solvents of increasing polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and anthraquinones. Among these, phenolic and flavonoid compounds were found to be predominant, particularly in methanolic extracts. The biological evaluation demonstrated significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Methanolic extracts exhibited strong antimicrobial activity with low MIC values and effectively altered microbial growth kinetics. The extracts also showed dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzymes, indicating antidiabetic potential. Furthermore, cytotoxic studies revealed selective anticancer activity through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds confirmed the presence of pharmacologically important metabolites such as stictic acid, constictic acid, and anthraquinone derivatives. Overall, the findings suggest that lichens are a rich and underexplored source of natural bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications in modern medicine.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Herbal Topical Liposomal Gel for Management of Acne
Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting a large proportion of the population, particularly adolescents, and is associated with microbial infection, excessive sebum production, and inflammatory responses. Conventional therapies often present limitations such as skin irritation, antibiotic resistance, and poor patient compliance, necessitating the development of safer and more effective alternatives. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a herbal topical liposomal gel formulation for effective acne management using plant-derived bioactive compounds. Medicinal plants Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, and Moringa oleifera were selected based on their known antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The plant materials were authenticated, extracted using hydroalcoholic methods, and subjected to phytochemical screening and standardization, confirming the presence of key secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. Liposomal formulations were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. The liposomes exhibited nanoscale size (180–250 nm), good stability, and high entrapment efficiency (72–85%). The formulated gel showed suitable physicochemical properties for topical application and uniform drug distribution. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated sustained and controlled release of phytoconstituents over an extended period, following diffusion-controlled kinetics (Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models). Stability studies indicated no significant changes in formulation characteristics, confirming its stability. In conclusion, the developed herbal liposomal gel represents a promising, safe, and effective topical drug delivery system for acne management, offering improved therapeutic efficacy, enhanced skin penetration, controlled drug release, and reduced side effects compared to conventional treatments.
A Review on Understanding the Progression of Trachoma and Its Preventive Measures in the Community
Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide, resulting from recurrent infection with ocular strains of chlamydia trachomatis. While once widespread in Europe and the Americas, its significant decline by the end of the 20th century was attributed to improved socioeconomic conditions and hygiene. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to infection, as they are often the primary caregivers of children, and children are the greatest source of infection with Trachoma. As prevention option to Trachoma, World Health Organization recommends Facial cleanliness (F), Environmental Improvement (E), Antibiotics (A) and Surgery (S), which abbreviated as “SAFE”. The disease causes inflammation and scarring on the surface of the eye resulting in the margin of the eyelid turning inwards. Consequently, the eyelashes become inverted and scratch the cornea. This abrasive action of the lashes damages the cornea and is termed trachomatous trichiasis, the complex stage of the disease. Novel diagnostic tests such as confocal microscopy are supplementing current diagnostic criteria; mass treatment strategies are proposing effective methods for antibiotic distribution, and studies exploring the external benefits of trachoma control programs show promising effects on lowering trachoma cases in the community. Surgery is recommended for patients with trachoma to prevent the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and causing corneal damage. Understanding nature of infection and preventive measures can assist to promote safe preventive strategies in the community.
Quality by design (QBD) based Development and Validation of RP-HPLC method for palbociclib in capsule dosage form
A robust and reliable RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Palbociclib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Method optimization using statistical design revealed that flow rate, buffer pH, and temperature significantly influenced chromatographic responses. Separation was achieved on an Intersil C18-EP column (4.6×250 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (70:30, pH 5) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, detection at 270 nm, and injection volume of 20 µL. Palbociclib showed a sharp, symmetrical peak at ~3.3 min with excellent system suitability parameters (tailing factor ~1.1, plate count >6700).Validation studies confirmed the method’s performance, with linearity over 25–120 µg/mL (R² = 0.9999), high precision (%RSD < 1%), and accuracy with recoveries within 98–102%. Sensitivity was established with LOD 1.08 µg/mL and LOQ 3.62 µg/mL. Accuracy studies at multiple concentration levels yielded recoveries between 98.3–100.7%. Robustness testing showed no significant effect of small changes in flow rate and mobile phase composition on chromatographic performance. The developed RP-HPLC method is simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, and stability-indicating, making it suitable for routine quality control, batch release, and regulatory applications of Palbociclib formulations in the pharmaceutical industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Development of Liquid Solid System of Poorly Soluble Drug (Class-II) to Improve Dissolution Rate
The present study aimed to perform a comparative evaluation of natural polymers, namely Xanthan gum and Tragacanth, and to investigate the influence of the physico-chemical properties of the active ingredient on drug release behavior using the liquid-solid compact technique with PEG 400 and Tween 80 as non-volatile vehicles. Pre-compression parameters such as angle of repose, compressibility index, and sieve analysis indicated that the prepared formulations were suitable for the liquid-solid compact method. Tizanidine was successfully formulated into a sustained-release drug delivery system, demonstrating prolonged therapeutic action without reaching toxic plasma concentrations commonly associated with conventional dosage forms. This approach offers the potential to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance. Drug release studies confirmed that the release followed first-order kinetics with the mechanism best fitting the Higuchi model. The findings of the in vitro release studies suggest that the developed sustained-release formulation is a promising candidate for further in vivo evaluations.
A Review on Triphala Churna Health Benefits
Triphala churna is one of the most well-known formulations in Ayurveda, composed of three medicinal fruits Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica), and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis). The name “Triphala” literally means “three fruits.” It has been traditionally used in India for promoting overall health, longevity, and disease prevention. Triphala churna is valued for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, laxative, and rejuvenating properties. The combination of the three fruits creates a synergistic effect that helps in detoxifying the body, improving digestion, and enhancing metabolism. Scientific research supports many of its traditional claims, showing that Triphala possesses free radical scavenging activity due to its high content of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, and vitamin C. It aids in the management of various chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and liver dysfunctions. Triphala is also known to strengthen the immune system, promote oral health, and exhibit potential anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Regular use of Triphala churna helps maintain internal balance by cleansing the digestive tract and supporting proper nutrient absorption. It is considered safe for long-term use and helps rejuvenate body tissues, delay aging, and improve vitality. Overall, Triphala churna represents a safe, natural, and holistic remedy with wide-ranging health benefits, making it an important formulation in both traditional and modern therapeutic practices.
Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.): A Comprehensive Review on It’s Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties with Health-Promoting Applications
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), commonly known as pitaya, has gained global recognition as an exotic fruit with exceptional nutritional and therapeutic value. This review provides a comprehensive overview of its nutritional composition, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological potential. Dragon fruit is rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and natural pigments such as betalains, which contribute to its strong antioxidant capacity. Phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been associated with diverse bioactivities. Emerging evidence highlights its pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects, which support its role as a functional food and nutraceutical. Furthermore, dragon fruit shows promise in promoting gut health, managing metabolic disorders, and preventing chronic diseases. This review emphasizes the therapeutic applications and future prospects of Hylocereus spp., underscoring its potential as a health-promoting food resource and candidate for nutraceutical development.
Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Hibiscus in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Wistar Rats
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly with high dietary fat intake as a major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was aimed at investigating hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus by in vivo animal model. There is always a need for developing novel drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Though statins are generally well-tolerated drugs for hyperlipidemia with high efficacy they are not free from adverse effects. Herbal drugs are well known for their cost-effectiveness and minimal side effects. Hibiscus is one such plant with known hypolipidemic activity and wide availability in India. Hence this study is an attempt to verify and evaluate the extent of efficacy of Hibiscus as a hypolipidemic agent. The objective of the study is to compare the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus with that of Rosuvastatin in cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in male albino rats of wistar strain in the first 30 days of feeding period and continued in the next 30 days of treatment period. Aqueous extract of Hibiscus (2.5 and 5g/kg, per oral) was administered as test drug in the treatment period. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg, per oral) was used as the standard drug. Serum lipid profile, atherogenic index and body weights were estimated for all rats on the day before the start of the feeding period and on day 0,15 and 30 of the treatment period. The results were analyzed statistically using student’s unpaired and paired t-test wherever applicable. Serum lipid levels showed significant reduction (p <0.001) in TC,TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C with significant elevation (p <0.001) of HDL-C in both the Rosuvastatin and test groups, but the percentage reduction in lipid levels, percentage elevation of HDL-C and percentage protection from atherosclerosis was higher in Rosuvastatin group than in test groups. Hibiscus has a definite hypolipidemic potential. Although its effectiveness is lesser than Rosuvastatin its beneficial role as hypolipidemic agent may be tested in clinical studies.
Formulation and Evaluation of Extended Release Matrix Tablets of Zopiclone by using Natural and Synthetic Polymers
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate extended-release matrix tablets of Zopiclone, a hypnotic agent, utilizing both natural and synthetic polymers to achieve a controlled drug release profile. Zopiclone, known for its efficacy in treating insomnia, requires a formulation that provides sustained release to improve therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. Matrix tablets were formulated using various combinations of natural polymers (Tragacanth and Lactose Bean gumm) and synthetic polymers Carbopol-941P, PVP K30. The tablets were prepared by the direct compression method and evaluated for various parameters, including tablet hardness, friability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The extended-release characteristics were assessed using dissolution testing, where the impact of different polymer combinations on the drug release rate was analyzed. The results indicated that the use of synthetic polymers, particularly Carbopol-941P, provided a more controlled and consistent release profile compared to natural polymers alone. A combination of natural and synthetic polymers achieved an optimal balance, ensuring a sustained release of Zopiclone over an extended period. The optimized formulations demonstrated desirable release kinetics with a controlled drug release extending up to 12 hours, aligning with the therapeutic needs for extended release. These findings suggest that a judicious selection and combination of natural and synthetic polymers can effectively tailor the release profile of Zopiclone, enhancing its clinical efficacy and patient adherence.
Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Arthritic activity of Cymbidium species
The aim of the present study is to explore about the phytochemical and antiarthritic potential of properties Cymbidium devon odyssey and Cymbidium Sarah Jean. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts of leaves were conducted, revealing the presence of steroids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and carbohydrates. Additionally, the anti-arthritic potential of these plants was evaluated, indicating their ability to inhibit protein denaturation a key factor in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis suggesting their use in mitigating autoantigen production. The findings contribute a novel phytochemical profile for these species and highlight their potential therapeutic applications. While promising, the study acknowledges limitations such as low extract yield, high cost of solvents, and technical challenges in extraction. Future research should focus on in-vivo studies, high-throughput screening of individual phytocompounds, and exploration of synergistic effects of combined plant extracts for enhanced antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ornidazole Topical Emulgels
This study focused on developing and evaluating Ornidazole-based emulgel formulations for topical use. A UV calibration curve confirmed the drug’s λmax at 335 nm, while FTIR and DSC verified its purity and stability with excipients. All formulations showed suitable pH (5.24–6.0) for skin application. Among them, formulation F3 exhibited the best spreadability, viscosity, and drug release (93.2% in 6 hours), along with the highest antimicrobial activity (48.48% inhibition). F3 also demonstrated good drug content uniformity and skin compatibility. Overall, F3 proved to be a promising topical delivery system for Ornidazole, warranting further clinical investigation.
Exploring Natural Remedies for Foot Infections: A Study on Lifestyle Changes and Alternative Treatments for Corns
The current review is to explore about hectic lifestyle changes of people that lead to foot infections. Now-a-days most of the people are suffering with foot infections such as corns or callus, athlete’s foot, cellulitis, toenail fungus, foot abscess and erythrasma etc. Epidemiological study states that 10-48% of adults are suffering out of which again 20% are men and the rest 40% are women are suffering with corns or calluses, even children of different ages are also get affected with this infection due to wearing of tight or ill-fitting shoes & sandals. Synthetically there is a proven method to overcome this infection by using salicylic acid plasters, ointments, patches which are available in the market, but there is no medication that can naturally overcome corns. Our aim is to exploit different natural ingredients which can be prepared as medicine to treat corns at the early stage itself, to avoid the synthetic usage.
Evaluation of Anti-ulcer activity of Andrographis paniculate in-vivo using albino Wistar rats
Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) is given from ancient times in Indian traditional medicine like Ayurveda and Unani for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, inflammatory diseases, liver disorders, parasitic diseases and snake poisoning. Aim of the study was Investigation of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata in the treatment of ulcer by pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats. The antiulcer activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata (APE) was investigated using 25 rats. The first group was subjected as control, the second group was subjected to pylorus ligation on 6th day under ether anesthesia, and the third group was subjected to ranitidine (50 mg/kg) for 5 days + pylorus ligation on 6th day under ether anesthesia. The fourth and fifth groups were administered with the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata (100 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively). All animals were deprived of food (but not water) for 24 hours prior to being subjected to ulcerogenic challenge. At the end of study, the stomach tissue was cut, washed with ice cold saline. The tissue was fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution for histopathological examination. Ulcer Index, pH, titrable acidity, gastric mucus, antioxidant activity, and gastric pepsin activity was evaluated by using tissue and gastric juice. Results: APE showed dose-dependent ulcer protective effect in ranitidine plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer. The % protection was found in group IV (59.8 %), group V (60.08%) when compared to PL group II and Ranitidine+PL group III, respectively. The APE showed highly significant enhancement of gastric wall mucus at the dose of 100 mg/kg. The results of our study revealed that the extracts of Andrographis paniculata possess significant dose dependent gastroprotective and antisecretory effects by strengthening the gastric mucosa, decreasing the acidity of gastric juice and pepsin activity as well as restore the imbalance antioxidant activity. Further studies on other factors like H. pylori, PGs and cAMP, which play important role in ulcerogenisis may provide more insights on the antiulcerogenic activity of Andrographis paniculata.
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Tagetes Erecta Flowers in Rats
Gastric ulcer is the most common gastrointestinal problem affecting many populations worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rate. The pathogenesis of gastric ulcer has been studied for decades, and it has been found that the disease occurs when there is an imbalance between gastric defensive factor and the aggressive factors (40).Many hearbal medicince and their active ingredients have proved to be effective in treating and even preventing the recurrence of gastric ulcer disease, including one which is the topic of the current investigation. In this study EETE demonstrated significant gastro protective activity against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in the animal model. In the study clinical biochemical parameters, the liver function test, the kidney function test, and the lipid profile were evaluated. The results showed that the rats in the ulcer group exhibited compartable disturbance to the lipid profile and kidney function test. Moreover the results also display an increased serum level of the liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) as markers of hepatic injury, since an increased level of hepatic enzymes could be ascribed to alcoholic hepatitis due to ethanol administration. This research indicated a significant anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Tagetes erecta flowers by preventing the development of gastric ulcers in ethanol induced rats. It also showed significant protection compared to standard.
In-vitro Anti-arthritic Activity of Leaves of Momordica Charantia Linn.,
The present study is aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia leaves (EEML) by two in-vitro models i.e. human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation. The standard drug was diclofenac sodium. The results of both models showed concentration dependent inhibition of protein (egg albumin) denaturation as well as stabilization towards HRBC membrane. On the basis of present findings, it can be concluded that EEML showed anti-arthritic activity due to presence of phytocompounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins etc.
Evaluation of Anti-Dandruff Activity of Citrullus Lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds
Dandruff is a chronic scalp condition characterized by scaling, itching and redness of the scalp. It occurs when scalp sheds epidermal cells in large clumps. The skin of scalp renews itself about once a month. Usually, scalp sheds dead cells in nearly invisible way, but sometimes cell turnover becomes unusually rapid and dead cells are shed as visible flakes called dandruff. Seed extracts have emerged as promising sources of bioactive compounds with notable antioxidant and antibacterial properties, primarily attributed to their rich content of phenolic and polyphenolic components. These bioactive compounds exhibit significant potential as therapeutic agents for managing disorders associated with oxidative stress and combating infectious diseases. The antioxidant capabilities of seed extracts are particularly noteworthy, as oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various health conditions. Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds present in these extracts have demonstrated the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, which are implicated in cellular damage and the progression of oxidative stress- related disorders. The bioactive chemicals found in the sample have been shown to have pharmacological and physiological properties. These seeds contain significant free radical scavenging activity and consequently antioxidant activity, according to our research. The amount and kind of bioactive compound produced by medicinal plants determine its anti-ailment action and different physiological impacts on the human body system. The seed extracts represent a rich source of bioactive compounds with substantial antioxidant and antibacterial properties, mainly attributed to their phenolic and polyphenolic components. The exploration of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents holds great promise for managing oxidative stress-related disorders and combating infectious diseases. As research in this field continues to advance, the identification, isolation, and mechanistic understanding of seed-derived bioactive compounds will undoubtedly contribute to the development of novel treatments and interventions in the realm of medicine.
A Study on Clinical Assessment and Management of Hernia Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital
A hernia is an out pouching of the parietal peritoneum through a preformed or secondarily established hiatus. If the hernia extends beyond the abdominal cavity and is thus visible on the surface of the body, it is defined as an external hernia. Incisional hernias arise through a defect in the musculofascial layers of the abdominal wall in the region of a post-operative scar. Thus they may appear anywhere in the abdominal surface. The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in General medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 75 patients were enrolled in the study. The present study aimed to assess the risk factors for Hernia, clinical profile and its management in a tertiary care hospital. Site of hernia includes Upper abdomen Site of hernia patients were more 23(30.66%). Hernia complication patients were more 53 (70.66%) as compared to without complication patients. Duration of Hernia diagnosis includes 1-6 days Duration of Hernia diagnosis patients were more 36(48%) as compared to other Duration of Hernia patients. Surgical treatment patients were more 55 (73.33%) as compared to conservative treatment patients were 20 (26.33%). The burden of inguinal hernia among the young and middle-aged patients in our practice is huge, with many patients having a family history of the disease and evidence of complications at presentation. Incisional hernia is one of the most prevalent complications of abdominal surgery and frequently causes morbidity which raises healthcare costs.
In-Vitro Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Leaves Powder for Antidiabetic Activity
Moringa oleifera Lam., also known as the ‘drumstick tree,’ is recognized as a vibrant and affordable source of phytochemicals, having potential applications inmedicines, functional food preparations, water purification, and biodiesel production. (Saini, R. K., Sivanesan, I., & Keum, Y. S. (2016)). Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition which is caused by increased sugar in the blood due to either defect of insulin secretion or action or even both. There have been side effects related to the use of traditional medicines prompting the search for new antidiabetic drugs. Moringa oleifera is popularly known as drumstick tree and it has been used for medicinal purposes traditionally. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how effective the powder from moringa leaves can be in controlling diabetes using different tests that imitate those in the body. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic potential of drumstick leaves powder through various biochemical assays.
Functional Outcomes of Undenatured type-2 Collagen V/S Glucosamine Supplements in the Management of Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis- a Prospective, Randomised Study
Osteoarthritis is the second most common inflammatory arthropathy with a prevalence of 22% to 39% in India. Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as a degenerative joint illness, is a chronic, painful, and inflammatory disease that affects the joints. It is characterized by chronic joint pain, stiffness, inflexibility, swelling, narrowing of joint spaces, and formation of osteophytes. The most common medications include anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, weak opioids, and corticosteroids. These agents are inadequate to effectively reduce the pain or reverse the OA symptoms. Nutraceuticals are also used to ease their pain and discomfort. It can be used as an alternative therapy to avoid the negative effects of taking NSAIDs. These are considerably safe and well tolerated. Participants who met the study's eligibility requirements were enrolled and given instructions to report for a baseline evaluation. At the first treatment visit (Visit 2), selected subjects were randomly assigned and treated with UC-Il or Glucosamine. On each visit day (day 30, 60, 90), subjects were followed up for medical and physical examination. The pain score assessments included WOMAC, VAS and Oxfordknee pain scores. Each patient participated in the trial by keeping a subject treatment diary that recorded side events, medication use, and product compliance. Out of 100 patients included in the study, 91 patients have completed 3 months of nutraceutical therapy for mild to moderate management of OA. Among 91 patients, 63 patients were prescribed with UC II Collagen and 28 patients were prescribed with Glucosamine supplement. The patients were analysed for improvement in symptoms by using 3 standard questionnaires to assess the outcomes. Patient follow up was done to collect data and results were statistically analyzed. It was observed that both the supplements had efficacy in improvement of symptoms of OA i.e., pain, stiffness and physical function difficulties. Upon comparison of efficacy of UC II Collagen vs Glucosamine, it revealed that there is no statistical significant difference between their outcomes. The study demonstrates that upon administration of nutraceutical i.e., UC II Collagen or Glucosamine, for a period of 3 months have significantly shown to improve symptoms of Knee OA. Use of such supplements has resulted in fewer use of analgesics. Both Undenatured Type II Collagen and Glucosamine display equivalent efficacy and yield functional outcomes among patients afflicted with Grade 2 and Grade 3 OA in the knee joints, and found to improve QoL.
A study on in vitro Anti Diabetic activity of betasitosterol and it's active isolation identification and characterization from Mutingia calabura
The crude extract of Muntingia calabura (M. calabura) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and carbohydrates, among other compounds. The aqueous extract yielded the highest concentration of these bioactive constituents. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified β-sitosterol (46.33%) and stigmasterol (53.67%) as major phytosterols in the extract. The study further investigated the effect of β-sitosterol on GLUT-4 expression and glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. Results demonstrated significant upregulation of GLUT-4, enhancing glucose uptake and suggesting a potential role in glucose homeostasis. Additionally, β-sitosterol also influenced GLUT-6 expression, indicating a non-specific enhancement by the plant-derived compound. These findings suggest that M. calabura possesses anti-diabetic properties through its phytosterols, which stimulate GLUT-4 translocation to the cell membrane and may independently or synergistically enhance its epigenetic expression. The observed effects on GLUT-4 translocation imply the potential of M. calabura in correcting defects in insulin-mediated glucose transport, making it a promising candidate for diabetes therapy. Furthermore, the modulation of GLUT protein expression at the genetic level by β-sitosterol and structurally similar compounds such as stigmasterol suggests a broader regulatory role in glucose metabolism. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of M. calabura in managing both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.
A Review Article on Latex Producing Plants with Medicinal Properties
Plant latex is a milky-like fluid (sap) that is stored in plant specialized cells –laticifers. It contains a mixture of phytochemicals, proteins and enzymes, such as alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, defense proteins, proteases and chitinases. Most of these latex ingredients possess pharmacologic activity. Due to its curing effects, latex has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat skin warts and tubercles. Nowadays, natural plant latex derived molecules and their synthetic analogs are used in medicine as antimicrobial agents, analgesics, ant proliferative and anticancer drugs. Moreover, it has been reported that alkaloids and phenolics from the plant latex exhibit potential therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Most of natural plant latex derived products are present in low amounts, difficult to isolate, possess poor bioavailability and stability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer advanced nanomaterials as nanocarriers of pharmacologically active latex natural agents. Conjugation of small natural latex compounds with nanoparticles, liposome’s, micelles, nanodiamonds and carbon nanotubes allows improving bioavailability and stability of these natural pharmacologically active latex compounds. Furthermore, nanoscience approach provides time-controlled and site-specific delivery of potential therapeutics from latex, what gives new promising perspectives for their future use in medicine.
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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family of the genus Orthopoxvirus with two different clades known as West African and Congo Basin. Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonosis that arises from the MPXV and causes a smallpox-like disease. The endemic disease status of MPX was updated to an outbreak worldwide in 2022. Thus, the condition was declared a global health emergency independent of travel issues, accounting for the primary reason for its prevalence outside Africa. The clinical presentation of monkey pox is very similar to the presentation of smallpox. There is no MPXV-specific vaccine; however, currently available vaccines against smallpox enhance the immunization rate. This comprehensive review covers the MPX disease history and the current state of knowledge by assessing broad topics and views related to disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genome organization and evolution, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Monkeypox can be diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction performed on lesion specimens laboratory diagnostic tests like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are the most common and accurate diagnostic methods. Antivirals like cidofovir and tecovirimat have been studied upon and used in clinical trials with favorable outcomes. Antiviral immunoglobulins have also been used with success in certain patients for post exposure prophylaxis. The recent outbreak in 2022 has been puzzling given the lack of epidemiological connection and the possible sexual transmission of the virus.