Formulation Development and Evaluation of Herbal Topical Liposomal Gel for Management of Acne

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting a large proportion of the population, particularly adolescents, and is associated with microbial infection, excessive sebum production, and inflammatory responses. Conventional therapies often present limitations such as skin irritation, antibiotic resistance, and poor patient compliance, necessitating the development of safer and more effective alternatives.  The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a herbal topical liposomal gel formulation for effective acne management using plant-derived bioactive compounds. Medicinal plants Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, and Moringa oleifera were selected based on their known antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The plant materials were authenticated, extracted using hydroalcoholic methods, and subjected to phytochemical screening and standardization, confirming the presence of key secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins.  Liposomal formulations were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. The liposomes exhibited nanoscale size (180–250 nm), good stability, and high entrapment efficiency (72–85%). The formulated gel showed suitable physicochemical properties for topical application and uniform drug distribution. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated sustained and controlled release of phytoconstituents over an extended period, following diffusion-controlled kinetics (Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models). Stability studies indicated no significant changes in formulation characteristics, confirming its stability. In conclusion, the developed herbal liposomal gel represents a promising, safe, and effective topical drug delivery system for acne management, offering improved therapeutic efficacy, enhanced skin penetration, controlled drug release, and reduced side effects compared to conventional treatments.