Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.): A Comprehensive Review on It’s Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties with Health-Promoting Applications

Abstract

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), commonly known as pitaya, has gained global recognition as an exotic fruit with exceptional nutritional and therapeutic value. This review provides a comprehensive overview of its nutritional composition, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological potential. Dragon fruit is rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and natural pigments such as betalains, which contribute to its strong antioxidant capacity. Phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been associated with diverse bioactivities. Emerging evidence highlights its pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects, which support its role as a functional food and nutraceutical. Furthermore, dragon fruit shows promise in promoting gut health, managing metabolic disorders, and preventing chronic diseases. This review emphasizes the therapeutic applications and future prospects of Hylocereus spp., underscoring its potential as a health-promoting food resource and candidate for nutraceutical development.