International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Research
Fabrication and Evaluation of Micellar Structure of Pluronic Copolymer Nanoaggregates of Cabazitaxel
Conventional therapy available for lung cancer has untended consequences and oral dosage forms has limitations such as low bioavailability of drug due to first pass metabolism which need high dose to treat disease. Polymeric micelles' low toxicity and quick rate of bodily elimination make them excellent for intravenously given drug delivery systems. Additionally, the chemical makeup of the medications does not need to be changed. The study was undertaken for development and characterization of Cabazitaxel loaded lyophilized block co-polymeric micelles for treatment of cancer therapy with effective use of Pluronic F127 and TPGS in polymeric micelles to improve Cabazitaxel solubility. Formulation CBT9 has the highest entrapment rate at 79.12 percent, as the quantity of polymer increases, fraction of drug loading and entrapment also enhances, which is related to the production of additional micelles over the CMC value. The optimized batch's Z averages were 103.5 and 113.6 nm, respectively, with PDI of 0.011 and 0.055. At pH 5.5, Cabazitaxel-loaded polymeric micelles release 87.49 percent of the drug. At pH 7.4, Cabazitaxel-loaded polymeric micelles release 83.19 percent of the drug.
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A Prospective Study on Assessment of Drug Prescription Pattern and Treatment Profile of Angina Pectoris Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome includes unstable angina, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Methodology: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in cardiology department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study. Aim: The study aimed to assess the drug prescription pattern and treatment profile of angina pectoris patients in a tertiary care hospital. Results and Discussion: In our study 29-35 years age patients were more 65 (32.5%) compared to other ages. In our study male patients were more 119 (59.5%), compared to female patients were 81 ( 40.5%). The classification of Heart failure patients includes Class IV patients were more 74(37%) compared to other classes. Classification of cardiac emergencies includes Congestive heart failure patients were more 81 (40.5%) compared to other cardiac emergencies. Diagnosis tools for angina pectoris includes Troponin levels were more 95(47.5%) compared to Angiography were 20(10%). Clinical manifestations of angina pectoris patients includes Chest pain patients were more 95 (47.5%) compared to other symptoms. Drug prescribing pattern for angina pectoris management includes Thrombolytics prescribed patients were more 41 (20.5%) compared to other drugs. Conclusion: To lower the cost of medicines health care practitioners should be encouraged to prescribe medications with generic names. The findings of our study on the patterns of drug prescription would develop a framework for ongoing prescription assessment in a healthcare setting. Rational use of drugs practice must be improved in clinical settings to maximize the benefit of drug therapy in patient care.
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Assessment of Risk Factors, Clinical Types, Stages, and Prescribing Patterns in Hospitalized Patients with COPD
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and treatable disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation and tissue destruction. Aim: The study aimed to assess risk factors, clinical types, stages, and prescribing patterns among COPD patients. Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in General medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 225 patients were enrolled in the study. Results: In our study 37-46 years age patients were more 62 (27.55%) compared to other ages. In our study male patients were more 147(65.33 %), compared to female patients were 78 (34.66 %). Inhalational route of administration of drugs were more 138(61.33%) compared to other Route of administration of drugs. Drug therapy for COPD includes Triple therapy patients were more 104 (46.22%) compared to other drug therapies. Antibiotic therapy for COPD includes Aminoglycosides prescribed patients were more 67(29.77%) compared to other antibiotic therapies. Drug prescribing pattern for COPD management includes Theophylline prescribed drugs patients were more 52(23.11%) compared to other prescribed drugs. Conclusion: The study suggests that improving medication adherence among individuals with COPD can brings out enhanced patient outcomes by providing effective counseling may help to reduce the burden of COPD.
Advances in Extraction Techniques for Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants: Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Modern Approaches
Natural products derived from medicinal plants remain important sources of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Growing resistance to synthetic drugs and associated adverse effects has renewed global interest in plant-based medicines as safer alternatives. Extraction, isolation, and characterization of phytoconstituents form the foundation for the development of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Conventional extraction techniques such as maceration, percolation, decoction, reflux, and Soxhlet extraction are widely used; however, they often require prolonged extraction times, high solvent consumption, and substantial energy input. In contrast, modern extraction technologies—including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and solid-phase microextraction—offer enhanced efficiency, selectivity, reduced solvent use, and improved environmental sustainability. This study presents a structured comparative analysis of conventional and modern extraction techniques for both non-volatile and volatile plant constituents. Results indicate that modern techniques significantly reduce extraction time and solvent usage while improving yield and purity. However, challenges such as equipment cost and industrial scalability remain. Continuous advancements in green extraction technologies are expected to further enhance sustainable utilization of plant-derived bioactive compounds.
A Study on Assessment of Clinical and Treatment Profile for Various Fungal Infections and Its Therapeutic Management in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Fungal infections can include superficial, cutaneous, sub-cutaneous, mucosal and systemic infections with varying degree of severity. Aim: The study aimed to assess clinical and treatment profile for various fungal infections and its therapeutic management in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in Dermatology department in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study. Results and Discussion: In our study 35-45 years age patients were more 18 (36%), compared to other ages. In our study Oral route administered patients were more 20(40%), compared to other route of administration drugs. Clinical manifestations of fungal infections include Nasal congestion symptoms patients were more 14 (28%), compared to other symptoms. Drug prescribing pattern for fungal infections includes Itraconazole prescribed patients were more 11 (22%) compared to other prescribed drugs. Type of Fungal infection includes Candidiasis patients were more 14 (28%) compared to other fungal infections. Conclusion: The regular prescription audit services must have encouraged to promote rational use of drugs and helps to develop standard prescribing guidelines in health care. This study showed that prescribing pattern of antifungal drugs helps to avoid the unnecessary use of antifungal medication based side effects in hospitals.
Phytochemical Screening and Anti–Oxidant Profiling of Dragon Fruit
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) fruit pulp extracts using different solvents such as aqueous, chloroform, and hexane. Initially, the yield of solvent extracts was determined. Among the different solvents used, the aqueous extract showed the highest yield (5 g) from 50 g of dried fruit pulp powder, followed by chloroform extract (2.5g) and hexane extract (1.5g). The aqueous and chloroform extracts appeared as dark brown coloured paste, whereas the hexane extract showed a light brown coloured paste. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites in the fruit pulp extracts. The aqueous extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, anthocyanins, quinones, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phenols, acids, and steroids. The chloroform extract contained carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, phenols, and coumarins, while the hexane extract exhibited carbohydrates, saponins, anthocyanins, quinones, phenols, and acids. These phytochemicals are known to possess significant biological and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant potential of H. undatus fruit pulp extracts was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results demonstrated that the percentage inhibition of DPPH increased with increasing concentration of extracts. Among the extracts, the aqueous extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity compared to chloroform and hexane extracts, although the activity was lower than that of the standard L-ascorbic acid. At the highest concentration (200 µg/ml), the percentage inhibition observed was 63.49% for aqueous extract, 43.01% for chloroform extract, and 23.34% for hexane extract, whereas the standard L-ascorbic acid showed 77.45% inhibition.
Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
This study outlines the successful development and validation of a robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Multiple chromatographic trials were conducted to optimize key parameters including column type, mobile phase composition, and flow rate. The finalized method utilized a Thermostat ODS column (4.6×250 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (OPA) buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile in a 30:70 v/v ratio, with detection at 240 nm. The method exhibited excellent system suitability, with acceptable retention times, resolution, peak symmetry, and theoretical plate counts, in accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation studies confirmed the method’s precision, accuracy, linearity, sensitivity, and robustness. Assay results showed drug content within acceptable limits 98.3% for Rosuvastatin and 100.3% for Bempedoic acid. Linearity was established over the ranges of 8–40 µg/ml and 36–180 µg/ml for Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid, respectively, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. The method demonstrated high repeatability and intermediate precision (%RSD < 2%), while robustness testing revealed no significant impact from minor variations in flow rate and mobile phase composition. These findings affirm the method’s reliability and suitability for routine quality control of combined formulations containing Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid.
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QBD-Oriented Assay Method Development for the Estimation of Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone in Bulk and Formulated Dosage Forms
This study presents the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and validation of a robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Employing a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) via Design Expert software, critical method parameters—flow rate, buffer pH, and organic phase ratio were systematically optimized. Statistical validation through ANOVA confirmed the model’s significance, particularly in enhancing resolution and minimizing tailing. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent system suitability, accuracy (98–102% recovery), precision (%RSD < 2%), linearity (R² > 0.999), sensitivity (acceptable LOD and LOQ), and robustness under varied analytical conditions. The resolution between the two analytes exceeded the threshold of 2, ensuring effective separation. These results affirm the method’s reliability, reproducibility, and suitability for routine quality control of Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Liraglutide and Its Related Substances by using RP-HPLC
A robust and precise gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Liraglutide and its related impurities Des-acetyl Liraglutide (Impurity A) and Glycosylated Liraglutide (Impurity B). The optimized chromatographic conditions employed an Inertsil C18 column (250×4.6 mm, 3μm) with a mobile phase of NAH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 4) and methanol under gradient elution. System suitability parameters, including resolution (>2), tailing factor (<2), and theoretical plate count (>2000), confirmed the method’s efficiency and reliability. Linearity was demonstrated across concentration ranges of 40–200 µg/mL for Liraglutide and 4–20µg/mL for impurities, with correlation coefficients (R²>0.999) indicating excellent linearity. The method exhibited high precision (%RSD <2%) and accuracy (recovery 98–102%) across multiple concentration levels. Sensitivity was confirmed with acceptable limits of detection and quantification. Robustness was validated through deliberate variations in flow rate and mobile phase composition, showing minimal impact on performance. Forced degradation studies under various stress conditions verified the method’s stability-indicating capability, effectively separating and quantifying degradation products. This validated RP-HPLC method is suitable for routine quality control and stability testing of Liraglutide formulations, ensuring reliable detection of impurities and degradation products.
QBD-Enabled HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Benserazide and Levodopa in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
This study presents the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Benserazide and Levodopa in pharmaceutical formulations. A Box-Behnken response surface design was employed to systematically optimize key chromatographic parameters, including mobile phase composition, buffer pH, and flow rate. Statistical analysis revealed that flow rate significantly influenced resolution, while buffer pH and organic phase ratio affected peak tailing. The optimized method utilized a SPURCIL C18 column (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and methanol in a 70:30 ratio, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 220 nm. The system suitability parameters resolution >2, tailing factor <2, and theoretical plates >2000 confirmed the method’s efficiency and reliability. Validation was conducted in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent accuracy, precision, linearity, sensitivity, and robustness. Recovery rates for Benserazide and Levodopa were within the acceptable range of 98–102%, with %RSD values below 2% for both repeatability and intermediate precision. Linearity was observed over the ranges of 10–50 µg/ml for Benserazide and 40–200 µg/ml for Levodopa, with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9998, respectively. The method exhibited low limits of detection and quantification, confirming its sensitivity. Robustness testing showed consistent performance under minor variations in chromatographic conditions. Overall, the developed HPLC method is reliable, reproducible, and suitable for routine quality control of Benserazide and Levodopa in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms.
From Ritual Supremacy to Scientific Evidence: A Comparative Review of Sacred Indian Plants Highlighting the Multifaceted Benefits of Lotus
Traditional Indian knowledge systems describe a hierarchical reverence of sacred plants, in which ritual supremacy is often associated with perceived therapeutic superiority. Among these, blue lotus (Nymphaea nouchali; blue water lily) occupies a culturally exalted position and is frequently regarded as an apex offering in devotional practices, despite long-standing taxonomic confusion with true lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). This review critically evaluates selected sacred Indian plants-Nymphaea nouchali (blue lotus), Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus), Pandanus odorifer (pagada flower), Datura metel (thorn apple), Raphanus sativus (radish), Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree), Achyranthes aspera (prickly chaff flower), Desmostachya bipinnata (kusha grass), and Prosopis cineraria (shami tree) by integrating ethnobotanical knowledge with contemporary pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological evidence. Emphasis is placed on the therapeutic relevance of Nymphaea species, traditionally employed in Ayurveda, Siddha, and folk medicine as cooling agents, nervine tonics, sedatives, cardiotonics, and anti-inflammatory remedies. Blue lotus exhibits a distinct pharmacological profile characterized by central nervous system–modulating, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities, attributed to aporphine alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and tannins. Comparative evaluation indicates that while Nelumbo nucifera demonstrates broader nutraceutical utility, Nymphaea species occupy a more specialized yet culturally supreme position with pronounced neuropharmacological and cooling properties. This review reinterprets sacred plant hierarchies through an evidence-based lens, positioning blue lotus as a culturally apex but scientifically underexplored medicinal plant with promising translational potential.
A New RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ribociclib and Letrozole in Its Pure and Tablet Dosage Form as Per ICH Guidelines
A simple, precise, and reliable RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Letrozole and Ribociclib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters C18 column (4.6×250mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid buffer and methanol (25:75 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection wavelength of 227 nm. Retention times were 2.04 min for Letrozole and 2.52 min for Ribociclib, with system suitability parameters meeting all acceptance criteria. Validation results demonstrated excellent linearity (R² = 0.999), high accuracy (recoveries 99–101%), precision (%RSD < 1%), and sensitivity with low LOD and LOQ values. Robustness and ruggedness studies confirmed the method’s reliability under deliberate variations in flow rate and mobile phase composition, while intermediate precision showed consistent performance across days and instruments. Overall, the developed method is simple, cost-effective, accurate, and sensitive, making it highly suitable for routine quality control, stability studies, batch release testing, and regulatory applications for Letrozole and Ribociclib formulations.
RP-HPLC Method Development Validation for the Concurrent Identification of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil in Pharamaceutical Dosage Form
A robust and validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Spursil C18-EP column (150×4.6 mm, 3 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of 34% perchloric acid and 66% acetonitrile, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength of 223 nm. The method provided sharp and well-resolved peaks with retention times of 3.7 min for Tamsulosin and 4.7 min for Tadalafil. System suitability parameters, including resolution (>2), theoretical plates (>2000), and tailing factor (<2), met all acceptance limits. The method was validated and found to be accurate, with mean recoveries within 98–102%, linear over the ranges 1.6–8 µg/mL for Tamsulosin and 20–100 µg/mL for Tadalafil (R² > 0.999), precise (%RSD <1), sensitive with LODs of 0.02 µg/mL and LOQs of 0.07–0.08 µg/mL. Robustness and ruggedness studies confirmed reliability under small variations in chromatographic conditions, while forced degradation studies demonstrated its stability-indicating capability. Overall, the proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective, making it highly suitable for routine quality control, stability assessment, and regulatory submission of Tamsulosin–Tadalafil formulations.
RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation
Perchloric Acid–Acetonitrile Mobile Phase
Stability-Indicating Assay of Combination Therapy
Formulation, Evaluation and Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablet of Zaltoprofen
This study aimed at developing and evaluating fast oral disintegrating tablets of Zaltoprofen, supported by a validated UV spectrophotometric analysis for drug quantification. The method showed strong linearity in the concentration range of 2 to 10 µg/ml at an absorption peak of 257nm in 0.1 N HCl, ensuring precise and reliable detection. Pre-compression characterizations exhibited favorable powder flow and compressibility, indicated by consistent bulk and tapped densities, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose values, facilitating smooth tablet manufacturing by direct compression. Post-compression evaluation confirmed that the tablets met quality control benchmarks including uniform hardness, low friability, consistent drug content, and appropriate thickness. The formulations demonstrated rapid disintegration and wetting times, essential for effective oral delivery. In vitro dissolution studies revealed efficient release profiles, with the optimal formulation achieving nearly complete drug release within 30 minutes. Further kinetic analyses confirmed a controlled drug release mechanism, fitting zero and first-order models. FTIR studies indicated no interaction between the drug and excipients, assuring formulation stability. Overall, the research successfully produced high-quality Zaltoprofen oral disintegrating tablets with rapid onset potential and stable composition, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficiency.
Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Ritonavir Loaded Nano Emulsion
The present study was undertaken to develop and evaluate nanoemulsion-based transdermal gel formulations of Ritonavir using different polymers. The formulations were systematically assessed through physicochemical and stability studies, including pH, weight/ml, assay, viscosity, sedimentation volume, ease of redispersibility, and particle size analysis. The results demonstrated that all evaluated parameters remained stable throughout the study, confirming the suitability of the developed formulations. Among the different batches, formulation F3 exhibited the most favorable properties, including stability, uniformity, pleasant texture, and good redispersibility. Dissolution studies further revealed that F3 achieved a maximum drug release of 98.89% within 10 hours, designating it as the optimized formulation. Additionally, formulation F8, containing D-Sorbitol at a concentration of 75 mg, was also prepared and evaluated. Overall, the findings highlight formulation F3 as a promising nanoemulsion-based transdermal gel for Ritonavir, offering enhanced drug release and stable characteristics for potential therapeutic application.
Steroid-Induced Psychosis: Advances in Understanding, Diagnosis, and Management
Steroid-induced psychosis is an under recognized but clinically significant complication of systemic corticosteroid therapy, characterized by a spectrum of psychiatric manifestations ranging from mood disturbances to acute psychotic episodes. Its pathophysiology involves multifactorial mechanisms, including dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, altered neurotransmitter signaling (dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate), neuroinflammation, and genetic or epigenetic susceptibility. High-dose and prolonged corticosteroid therapy, advanced age, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, and pharmacokinetic variability are important risk factors, while neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional alterations correlating with symptom severity. Diagnosis remains primarily clinical, supported by standardized rating scales, biomarker assessment, and neuroimaging when necessary. Management requires a multifaceted approach encompassing pharmacological interventions (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines), non-pharmacological strategies, and careful steroid dose modulation. Emerging personalized medicine strategies, including genetic and epigenetic profiling, offer promise for tailored interventions. Preventive measures such as risk stratification, routine psychiatric screening, patient and caregiver education, and judicious corticosteroid use are critical to minimize morbidity. Future directions involve biomarker discovery, integration of artificial intelligence for risk prediction, and development of standardized clinical guidelines. Early recognition, individualized management, and coordinated multidisciplinary care are essential to optimize patient outcomes and reduce healthcare burden associated with steroid-induced psychosis.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
Diabetes Mellitus: A Brief Review on types and Management Strategies
Diabetes mellitus is a life-deadliest disease due to its effect on the lives of people. It has drawn a lot of attention recently. The causes of various forms of diabetes, including type 1 & type 2 were discussed along with how they effect those. Younger generation is more prone to type 1 diabetes than older ones who are more likely to have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Now-a-days diabetes mellitus has materialized as a significant global public health concern with an increase in its prevalence. Different types of diabetes mellitus which includes type 1 diabetes (Idiopathic & Fulminant), type 2 diabetes, and gestational disease. The role of inflammation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is examined, along with mediators and potential anti-inflammatory treatments. The manifestation of pancreatic damages β-cell islet inflammation, oxidative stress, & a impaired insulin production. The treatment options and strategies for two forms of diabetes were also discussed in addition to how the disease affects quality of life of people. People from low and middle income countries are more prone to having diabetes. It is associated with obesity. The progression of the disease over time has been associated with an increase in disability and mortality. Additionally, the impact of diabetes mellitus on these stresses, acute kidney injury, immune system complications and other diabetic complications like retinopathy & neuropathy is also examined. Therefore, further research is required to enhance diagnosis, prevent chronic complications & identify potential therapeutic targets for the maintenance of diabetes mellitus and its associated dysfunctions or abnormality.
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a promising tool in cancer theranostics, which combines therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in a single platform. These nanoparticles, typically composed of iron oxide or other magnetic materials, offer unique advantages in cancer management, such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. MNPs can be functionalized with targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides, or small molecules to enhance their selectivity for cancer cells, thereby reducing off-target effects and minimizing toxicity. In addition to their therapeutic potential, MNPs enable advanced diagnostic techniques, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hyperthermia-based treatments. As MRI contrast agents, MNPs enable high-resolution imaging for precise tumour localization and the monitoring of disease progression. Moreover, when subjected to an alternating magnetic field, MNPs can induce localized hyperthermia, effectively killing cancer cells through heat-induced cytotoxicity while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. The dual functionality of MNPs makes them ideal candidates for cancer theranostic applications, enabling the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of tumours. Despite their potential, several challenges remain in the development of MNPs for clinical use, including issues related to biocompatibility, stability, scalability, and regulatory approval. Furthermore, the optimal size, surface modification, and drug release mechanisms of MNPs must be carefully designed to maximise therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, the integration of MNPs in cancer theranostics represents a promising area of research, with the potential to fundamentally change the personalized treatment of cancer by offering more effective, targeted, and non-invasive options.
Herbal Plants Role in Prevention and Management of Various Cancers in Community
Globally cancer is a disease which severely effects the human population. There is a constant demand for new therapies to treat and prevent this life-threatening disease. Scientific and research interest is drawing its attention towards naturally-derived compounds as they are considered to have less toxic side effects compared to current treatments such as chemotherapy. The Plant Kingdom produces naturally occurring secondary metabolites which are being investigated for their anticancer activities leading to the development of new clinical drugs. Cancer has been a constant battle globally with a lot of development in cures and preventative therapies. The disease is characterized by cells in the human body continually multiplying with the inability to be controlled or stopped. Consequently, forming tumours of malignant cells with the potential to be metastatic. Current treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemically derived drugs. Treatments such as chemotherapy can put patients under a lot of strain and further damage their health. Therefore, there is a focus on using alternative treatments and therapies against cancer. For many years herbal medicines have been used and are still used in developing countries as the primary source of medical treatment. Plants have been used in medicine for their natural antiseptic properties. Thus, research has developed into investigating the potential properties and uses of terrestrial plants extracts for the preparation of potential nanomaterial based drugs for diseases including cancer. Many plant species are already being used to treat or prevent development of cancer. Multiple researchers have identified species of plants that have demonstrated anticancer properties with a lot of focus on those that have been used in herbal medicine in developing countries to treat cancer.
Genomic Research Unlocking New Avenues for Chronic Disease Treatment
As the world’s population ages, mortality increasingly reflects the ravages of complex chronic diseases, particularly cancer and heart disease. A person’s risk of succumbing to a chronic disease is linked to his or her genetics. This genome-centric view of causation is motivated by the technologic ability to detect and manipulate genes, and fosters the notion that genetic factors are necessary determinants of disease that operate in a causal background of diverse exposures. Chronic venous disease is highly prevalent in the Western side. The recent developments in sequencing technology, clinicians and geneticists alike are embarking on a journey to identify and unravel the genetic candidates of chronic venous disease. Currently substantial evidence to suggest the presence of genetic influences in the aetiology and pathology of venous disease. The researchers should be urged to foster collaborative links and design a genome-wide case-control association study as an international consortium to provide a statistically robust paradigm in the field of chronic venous disease genetics. Family history is a well-known risk factor for developing many common chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, and coronary heart disease, and reflects inherited genetic and shared environmental contribution in disease. The future directions include incorporating genotype information to partition DNA-transmitted genetic versus environmental variance in phenotype in family history to decompose the various components of risk influenced by familial disease. An accurate diagnosis is also crucial for genetic counseling and family planning and allows reproductive options, such as prenatal or pre-implantation genetic testing. It allows screening of at-risk family members, which may also be important in determining their eligibility as kidney transplant donors. At present, phenotype-associated multigene panels and ES are the preferred diagnostic MPS-based testing modalities, but it is expected that when GS becomes more feasible, both in terms of cost-effectiveness and complex data interpretation, GS-based diagnostic testing will replace most current testing modalities.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Synthetic Piperonal Dervatives
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of newly synthesized piperonal derivatives. Three test compounds (Test compound 1, 2, and 3) were assessed against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Oral administration of the derivatives at 100 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) reduced elevated serum markers of hepatic damage, including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA). Concurrently, treatment restored protective biochemical parameters such as total protein, glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Histopathological analysis supported the biochemical findings, showing regeneration of hepatocytes and preservation of liver architecture, closely comparable to that observed with the standard hepatoprotective drug, silymarin. Among the derivatives, Test compound 3 demonstrated superior activity, likely due to the presence of an amine substituent contributing to its enhanced pharmacological profile. Overall, the findings indicate that synthetic piperonal derivatives, particularly Test compound 3, exhibit strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential and may serve as promising candidates for further therapeutic development.
Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Febuxostat
The aim of the present study is to develop and evaluate the immediate release tablet of Febuxostat by direct compression method. The Super disintegrant Primojel, Ac-Di-Sol and Polyplasdone XL10 were used for immediate release of drug from tablet. The prepared tablets were evaluated for all pre-compression parameters and post-compression parameters. The drug excipients interaction was investigated by FTIR. All formulation showed compliances with Pharmacopoeial standards. The study reveals that formulations prepared by direct compression F3 exhibit highest dissolution using primojel showed faster drug release 98.01% over the period of 45min while disintegration time of the tablet was showed 25sec comparison to other formulations of Febuxostat.
Artificial Intelligence Transformation in the Health Care Industry and Its Applications
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the programing of computer systems to analyze, problem-solve, and make decisions just as a human would. AI was first introduced in the 1950s with many limitations finally which would developed compared. Advancements in AI programs have been happening since it was first introduced in the 1950s. The use of them has had a positive impact on the quality of medicine improving accuracy, consistency, and efficiency in all aspects. The most widely known and accepted evidence-based medicine used today are flowcharts and database research. A physician will take the patient’s history, current symptoms, and lab results to determine the proper diagnosis and give the appropriate treatment plan. An AI system will do this same process, in a fraction amount of time and have greater accuracy because it can tap into multiple databases at once.
Prevalance and Outcomes of Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a frequent complication following the use of iodinated contrast media, particularly in patients with underlying risk factors such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The prevalence ranges from 2% to 25%, depending on patient characteristics and procedure type. CI-AKI is linked to increased hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. Preventive measures like adequate hydration and use of low- or iso-osmolar contrast agents can reduce its incidence. Early identification and management are essential to improve outcomes.
Role of Leech Therapy in the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Case Study
In today's world, diabetes mellitus has become increasingly prevalent due to sedentary lifestyles and changing dietary habits. Diabetic foot ulcers are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of lower limb amputations. Proper management is crucial to prevent severe outcomes and typically involves blood sugar control, wound debridement, dressings, and offloading techniques. Despite advancements in healthcare, approximately 3% of patients still undergo lower limb amputations. This case study presents a 45-year-old male with a non-healing diabetic wound on the plantar aspect of his right great toe. The patient was treated using bloodletting therapy (Jalaukavacharana) along with Ayurvedic medicines. Over the course of two months, gradual improvement was observed, leading to complete wound healing. This case highlights the potential of Ayurvedic treatment approach in managing chronic Diabetic foot and ulcers is improving patient outcomes.
The Effect of Comorbidities in NAFLD and Its Impact on Disease Progression
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25–30% of adults worldwide and is closely linked to metabolic syndrome. It ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with key comorbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidaemia, and hypertension. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in NAFLD. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Narayana Medical College (Nov 2024–Apr 2025), involving 150 NAFLD patients aged >30 years with comorbidities. Data collection included clinical exams, questionnaires, and lab tests. Results: Most patients were aged 40–60 (59.33%) and female (62%). A majority consumed mixed diets (80%). Obesity was present in 30.67%, with 24% having obesity class II. Comorbidities included obesity (14.67%), T2DM (8%), dyslipidaemia (4.67%), and hypertension (4%). The most common combination obesity, T2DM, and dyslipidaemia (26.67%) was associated with advanced liver pathology (steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis). Severity increased with comorbidity burden, supporting the multiple-hit hypothesis. Conclusion: NAFLD was most common in middle-aged females. Combined metabolic comorbidities markedly worsened disease severity, underscoring the need for early detection and intervention.
Preparation and Evaluation of Sildenafil Loaded with Pegylated Liposomes used for Hypertension
PEGylated liposomes were successfully synthesized using the thin film hydration method to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of sildenafil. The developed liposomal formulations exhibited optimal physicochemical properties, including desirable particle size, low polydispersity index (PDI), favorable zeta potential, and high encapsulation efficiency. Among the various formulations, SL-3 demonstrated superior performance, showing enhanced vasorelaxation activity and a significant reduction in mean systolic arterial pressure compared to conventional sildenafil and the marketed formulation Revetio®. The PEGylated liposomes provided sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency, and enhanced stability, contributing to better patient compliance with minimal adverse effects. The nanoscale size of these liposomes supports their suitability for parenteral administration and prolonged therapeutic action. While the results are promising, further investigations are warranted to validate their efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions.
Development of Innovative Standards for the Registration of Drugs in India Based Upon International Norms
The regulatory landscape in India can be challenging, with multiple agencies involved in the drug approval and registration process. India is increasingly becoming the preferred destination for foreign pharmaceutical companies due to its vast population, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and rising demand. With a well-established regulatory framework and lower production costs, India offers opportunities for market expansion and access to a diverse patient population, making it an attractive choice for pharmaceutical companies. Drug License is imperative for establishments involved with the manufacturing, distribution, and procurement of the drug. The Registration Process to Obtain Drug License may seem plain and simple on the surface, but it is a lot more complicated in the real-world scenario. India’s pharmaceutical industry ranks third in production volume, growing steadily at about 9.43% annually for nine years. Key segments include generics, over-the-counter medicines, and vaccines. India supplies more than half of the world’s vaccine demand, 40% of the US generic demand, and a quarter of the UK’s medicine supply. With a vast pool of scientists and engineers, India plays a vital role in the global pharmaceutical industry. The regulated market involves those countries where there are defined regulatory requirements set by the regulatory bodies of that country and the emerging market countries are those who still lag behind in putting forward the well-defined regulations for drugs.
Formulation Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion for Topical Delivery of Sertaconazole Drug to Treat Ecezema
This study investigates the physical and chemical characteristics of Sertaconazole, focusing on its solubility, melting point, and analytical properties. Sertaconazole is a pure white substance with solubility varying by pH, being soluble in DMSO and DMF, but insoluble in water. The melting point was established at 166°C, aligning with established standards. FTIR and DSC analyses confirmed the drug's purity and crystalline nature, while PXRD showed a highly crystalline structure, indicating no polymorphic changes from milling and lyophilization. The developed analytical method exhibited strong linearity (R² = 0.999), high precision (RSD <1.1%), and near 100% accuracy in rat plasma. Robustness was validated across different solvent compositions. The QTPP analysis identified critical quality parameters, and risk analysis revealed significant factors affecting particle size and drug content in nanoformulations. Central Composite Design (CCD) optimization demonstrated enhanced drug delivery characteristics, validating the method’s effectiveness for Sertaconazole formulation optimization.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Mucoadhessive Bilayer Tablets Saxagliptin, Dapagliflozin of the Active Medicament using statistical optimization Technique
This study aimed to formulate & Investigate sustained-release mucoadhesive bilayer tablets containing Saxagliptin and Dapagliflozin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (type 2) using statistical optimization techniques. Saxagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, was incorporated into the immediate-release (IR) layer for rapid action, while Dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, was included in the sustained-release (SR) layer for prolonged therapeutic effect. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was applied to optimize key parameters of formulation, along drug release rates, mucoadhesive strength, and tablet stability. The optimized bilayer tablet demonstrated immediate release of Saxagliptin, followed by a controlled release of Dapagliflozin over an extended period. Mucoadhesive properties increased gastrointestinal residence time, enhancing drug absorption and bioavailability. The formulation offers the potential to improve compliance of patient by decreasing dosing intensity& maintaining effective plasma drug concentrations, making it a promising therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes management.