Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
A Review on Bubonic Plague, Pathogenesis and Its Preventive and Treatment Approaches
An ancient disease, its bacterial agent (Yersinia pestis) still causes periodic outbreaks and remains endemic in some parts of the world. Additionally, because it could be weaponized for world bioterrorism, understanding its clinical syndromes, epidemiology, and treatment options remains critical for medical practitioners. Finally, recent molecular discoveries linking recessive familial Mediterranean fever mutations to plague immunity have revolutionized how scientists and historians alike view this novel evolutionary adaptation. Y.pestis is an aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Genetic DNA analysis shows that it diverged from its enteric pathogenic relative, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, up to 6000 years ago. After incubation for 24 to 48 hours in blood. Its primary vector for transmission is the Xenopsylla cheopis flea, although roughly 80 species of fleas can carry it. During the Black Death, the flea was transported by the black rat or Rattus. The clinical forms of the plague include high fevers, terrible pains in their limbs and abdomen, and headaches generally between 3 and 7 days after exposure. The bacteria reproduce rapidly in lymph nodes located closest to the flea bites, leading to painful swellings in the groin, cervical, axillary lymph nodes, which can enlarge to the size of an egg. The modern medicine has greatly improved therapies can prevent the future consequences of infection among the people.
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Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Leaf Extracts
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the need for alternative therapeutic strategies, particularly plant-based combinations exhibiting synergistic effects. The present study investigates the antibacterial potential of ethanolic leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, individually and in combination. Extracts were prepared by maceration and evaluated for phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion, and possible synergistic interactions. The combined extracts demonstrated enhanced inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to individual extracts. FT-IR analysis suggested phytochemical interactions in the combination extract. The findings support the development of polyherbal antibacterial formulations
Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity of Extract of Cucumis Sativus in Rats
The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the ethanolic extract of Cucumis sativus peel (EECS) using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The extract was obtained as a greenish-brown solid with a percentage yield of 21.5%. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Quantitative estimation demonstrated a high total phenolic content (161.05 ± 1.23 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (124.26 ± 2.12 mg QE/g), indicating strong antioxidant potential. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity assessed by hypotonicity-induced human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization showed concentration-dependent protection, with 72.97% inhibition of hemolysis at 1000 µg/mL, comparable to diclofenac. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, EECS exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, particularly at 400 mg/kg, reducing paw volume in both acute and repeated administration studies. Repeated administration showed greater inhibition of edema across different time intervals compared to single-dose treatment. Furthermore, cytokine analysis revealed that EECS significantly decreased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, especially after repeated administration. These findings confirm the immunomodulatory potential of EECS. The study concludes that EECS possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity, possibly mediated through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and modulation of cytokine responses, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in inflammatory disorders
Retrospective Study on Complications and Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is a basic supporter of death and weakness all around the planet. Before current treatment, post-stroke mortality was for the most part 10% in the period. In ischemic stroke, the major obliging objective of reperfusion treatment, including intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV TPA). As at every turn, not altogether firmly established and treated to have antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs, cell support meds, statins, and so forth. As of late referred to, lifesaving treatment is (RTPA), which it will overall be allowed in something like 3 hours of event of stroke. The conflicting utilization of prescription could incite emerge of entrapments like huge vein breakage, spasmodic stroke, rest issues, confusion, and so forth. Thusly, the patient ought to remain mindful of sustaining balance, low salt affirmation, genuine activity, low fat confirmation, and so forth.
A Review on Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Activites of Zingiber Officinale
Ginger is one of the important medicinal plants which naturally occur in various countries. Ginger; Zingiber officinale belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a very mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or just cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can also be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tea, to which honey is often added; sliced orange or lemon fruit may also be added. Ginger can also be made into candy or ginger wine which has been made commercially since 1740. Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from old ginger roots is extremely potent and is often used as a spice in Indian recipes, and is a quint essential ingredient of Chinese, Korean, Japanese and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood or goat meat and vegetarian cuisine. Ginger acts as a useful food preservative. Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of 6 to 1, although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers, cakes, and ginger beer. Ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice.
New Validated RP-HPLC Method Development for the Simultaneous Estimation of Brinzolamide and Timolol in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
A new method was established for simultaneous estimation of Brinzolamide and Timolol by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Brinzolamide and Timolol by using C18 Inertsil ODS (200*4.6) 5um column, flow rate was 1 ml/min, mobile phase ratio was OPA (Orthophosphoric Acid) (0.1%) (80:20%v/v) ACN (detection wave length was 230 nm. The run times were found to be 3.401 min and 4.345 min. The % purity of Brinzolamide and Timolol was found to be 100.83% and 99.84% respectively. The system suitability parameters for Brinzolamide and Timolol such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 3677.56,1.5 and 4683.62,1.04 the resolution was found to be 6.76. The estimation of Brinzolamide and Timolol was done by RP-HPLC. The linearity of Brinzolamide and Timolol was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and 0.999, which shows that the method is capable of producing good sensitivity. The acceptance criterion for LOD and LOQ is 3 and 10.The LOD and LOQ for Brinzolamide was found to be 2.98 and 10.00 and LOD and LOQ for Timolol was found to be 3.00 and 9.98. Compared to previous results the present method which was developed on Brinzolamide and Timolol there run time is less with the less concentration used. We recommend this method for the routine analysis of these drugs.
QBD Driven Analytical Method Development and Validation for Ganaxolone in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by RP-HPLC
A robust and reliable Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of Ganaxolone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Method optimization was carried out using a Box–Behnken design to evaluate the influence of flow rate, mobile phase ratio, and buffer pH on key responses such as tailing factor and retention time. The optimized chromatographic conditions included a SPURSIL C18-EP column (3.0×150mm, 3μm), a mobile phase of 40% formic acid and 60% acetonitrile, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection at 220 nm. The developed method yielded sharp, symmetrical peaks with satisfactory system suitability parameters. Validation results confirmed excellent performance with assay (100.6%), linearity (10–50 µg/mL, R² = 0.9998), precision (%RSD<1), accuracy (mean recovery ~100.2%), LOD (0.03 ppm), and LOQ (0.11 ppm). Robustness studies demonstrated the stability of the method under small deliberate variations in chromatographic conditions. The results establish that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible, making it highly suitable for routine quality control of Ganaxolone in bulk and dosage forms. Its reliability, cost-effectiveness, and compliance with regulatory requirements further support its applicability in stability studies, batch release testing, and industrial pharmaceutical analysis.
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Formulation and Characterization of Transferosome Transdermal Patch of Hydrochlorthizide
Hydrochlorothiazide transdermal patches offer a promising alternative to oral delivery, aiming for sustained therapeutic effects and improved patient compliance. Accurate drug quantification and stability within the formulation are essential for effective development. A UV-Visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated to quantify Hydrochlorothiazide in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, measuring absorbance at 229 nm. Compatibility between the drug and polymers was assessed using FTIR spectroscopy. Various transdermal patches were prepared via solvent casting and evaluated for thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, folding endurance, and tensile strength. In vitro drug release was monitored over 12 hours, and release kinetics were modeled to understand the drug release mechanism. Stability studies were conducted over three months under accelerated conditions. The spectrophotometric method showed strong linearity and precision. FTIR analysis confirmed the drug's stability in the polymer matrix. The patches demonstrated consistent physical and mechanical properties suitable for transdermal delivery. Drug release studies revealed sustained and near-complete release, fitting diffusion-controlled models, primarily the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Stability tests indicated no significant changes in drug release profile or physical parameters over three months. Hydrochlorothiazide transdermal patches were successfully formulated with desirable mechanical strength, controlled drug release, and stability, suggesting their potential as an effective and patient-friendly therapeutic alternative.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mini Tablet of Ciprofloxacin
The present research focused on the development of sustained release matrix tablets of Ciprofloxacin targeted to the colon using various polymers. To achieve pH-independent drug release, buffering agents were incorporated as pH modifiers. Colon-targeted tablets were formulated in two steps: preparation of core tablets followed by coating with pH-dependent polymers. Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit L100, and Eudragit S100 were employed as enteric coating agents. The pre-compression blends of all formulations exhibited satisfactory flow properties, and the coated tablets complied with pharmacopoeial quality evaluations. Among the different batches, formulation F3 was identified as the optimized formulation, as it effectively sustained drug release up to 12 hours and achieved 98.69% cumulative release. The drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation followed the zero-order mechanism, confirming its suitability for sustained release. Thus, the developed formulation shows promise as a colon-targeted drug delivery system for Ciprofloxacin, with the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
A Study on Global Epidemiology, Pharmacological and Non Pharmacological Treatment Strategies for Prevention and Management of Gout
Gout is a systemic disease that results from the deposition of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) in tissues. Increased serum uric acid (SUA) above a specific threshold is a requirement for the formation of uric acid crystals. Despite the fact that hyperuricemia is the main pathogenic defect in gout, many people with hyperuricemia do not develop gout or even form UA crystals. In fact, only 5% of people with hyperuriceamia above 9 mg/dL develop gout. Accordingly, it is thought that other factors such as genetic predisposition share in the incidence of gout. The general prevalence of gout is 1–4% of the general population. In western countries, it occurs in 3–6% in men and 1–2% in women. In some countries, prevalence may increase up to 10%. Prevalence rises up to 10% in men and 6% in women more than 80 years old. Diagnosis of gout can be made using several validated clinical prediction rules. Arthrocentesis should be performed when suspicion for an underlying septic joint is present; synovial fluid or tophus analysis should be performed if the diagnosis is uncertain. Colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids relieve pain in adults with acute gout episodes. Indications for long-term urate-lowering therapy include chronic kidney disease, two or more flare-ups per year, urolithiasis, the presence of tophus, chronic gouty arthritis, and joint damage. Allopurinol and febuxostat are used to prevent flare-ups, although febuxostat is associated with an increase in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and is therefore not routinely recommended. Gout prevention involves a combination of dietary and lifestyle changes and, for some, medication. The prevention strategies include limiting high-purine foods and alcohol, staying hydrated, maintaining a healthy weight, and regular moderate exercise.
A Review on Clinical Diagnosis, Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Future Approaches for Management of Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is agenetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, which facilitates the colonization and infection of the lungs by bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus. CF is a rare genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. The hallmark feature of CF is the accumulation of thick mucus in different organs. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. Other signs and symptoms may include sinus infections, poor growth, fatty stool, clubbing of the fingers and toes, and infertility in most males. Different people may have different degrees of symptoms. CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life. The gene therapies will continue to be an important strategy for CF as well as other genetic diseases, and organoid-based regenerative medicine designed with gene engineering technologies can provide an enormous innovation for CF therapy in the next years.
A Review on Integrating Green Synthesis with Molecular Docking for Novel Drug Discovery
The integration of green synthesis and molecular docking represents a transformative paradigm in sustainable drug discovery. Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly route for producing bioactive compounds and nanoparticles using renewable resources, non-toxic solvents, and energy efficient processes, thereby minimizing ecological impact and improving biocompatibility. Concurrently, molecular docking provides a computational framework to predict and optimize ligand–target interactions, accelerating lead identification and reducing experimental costs. The convergence of these two methodologies creates a synergistic workflow where green synthesized phytochemicals or nanoparticles are computationally screened for target specificity, enabling rational drug design with enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. This review outlines the principles and advantages of green synthesis and molecular docking, discusses case studies involving green-synthesized metal nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, Ag, Au and Fe₂O₃) and their in-silico validation, and highlights applications across anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, neuroprotective, cardiovascular, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Key challenges such as standardization of green synthesis, docking accuracy, and translation from in silico to in vivo models are critically analyzed. Future perspectives emphasize the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and omics technologies to enhance predictive precision, scalability, and sustainability. Collectively, this eco-computational framework paves the way for next-generation pharmaceutical innovation that aligns therapeutic advancement with environmental responsibility.
A Study on New Regulations for Marketing and Authorization of Pharmaceutical Products in USA and India
The marketing authorization is given by CDSCO to different types of drugs under the provision of Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 and New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules 2019. Any substance falling within the definition of drug (Section 3b of the Act) is required to be registered before import into the country. Not only drug but the manufacturing site needs to be registered for import. If the drugs, fall within the definition of New Drug (Rule 2 (w) of the Act), the new drug approval is the pre-requisite for submission of application for Registration and or import of drug. The study aims to assess the regulatory strategy for product development is essentially to be established before commencement of developmental work in order to avoid major surprises after submission of the application. The goal of ICH is to promote international harmonization by bringing together representatives from the three ICH regions (EU, Japan and USA) to discuss and establish common guidelines. Since year 2003, the authorities in the United States, the European Union (EU) and Japan ask for the Common Technical Document (CTD) format set out by the 2003 International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) which was agreed by the Regulatory Agencies of Europe, Japan and the US and the Research-based Industry and more recently, its electronic version - the electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD). Pharmaceutical product approval process should be seen as a critical step in ensuring access to safe and effective drugs. Although there is a continuous process of harmonization taking place all around the world, still we see a huge challenge, which is yet to be overcome by the Pharmaceutical industry in case of generic drug development and filing. Therefore, to meet these challenges, a lot of strategic planning is required before the development of any generic drug product.
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A study on Approval and Marketing of medical products in EU, USA AND INDIA and AUSTRALIA
The medical device industry is a powerful economic driver around the world. Although the post-marketing research programs are similar, the medical device approval process is historically different between the US FDA and EU systems. We believe that the future of India’s innovative biomedical industry will depend on the upgradation of several national policies. Whereas this study was not designed to inform such policies, and tools such as stakeholder analysis are better suited for this purpose than the case study method adopted here, we would like to make three recommendations for the development of an innovative medical device sector in India: First, the national regulatory bodies need to offer guidance to industry about product development as the FDA, European Medicines Agency and WHO do. Currently, the scientific capabilities of the relevant agencies are inadequate to do this. Second, government procurement of innovative devices needs to be increased. India has advanced into a “World Pharmaceutical Hub” whereas its regulatory authority is still struggling to keep pace with the international industrial growth. According to the report commissioned by Indian parliamentary committee in 2012, CDSCO struggled with staffing shortage and infrastructural issues affecting its responsibilities to ensure public safety. (16) Following this criticism, CDSCO not only updated its mission statement as “To safeguard and enhance the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and quality of drugs, cosmetics and medical devices,” but has also moved beyond the past issues to correct its flaw and become a world class regulator comparable to the US FDA and EMA (European Medicines Agency).
Formulation Development and In-Vitro Evaluation of Metoprolol Succinate Sustained Release Tablets
Metoprolol succinate is a cardio selective β-blocker used in the management of secondary hypertension complications. Metoprolol succinate is prescribed to suppress the hypertension condition and to minimize the cardiac related disorder. In the present study, metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets were successfully prepared by the wet granulation method. HPMC and ethyl cellulose were used as drug release modifying polymers in varying ratios. All developed tablets were passed the uniformity of weight, friability, uniformity of thickness, and uniformity of diameter test respectively. The crushing strength of formulated tablet was in ranges of 1.2 to 2.6 and showed the optimum tensile strength. The formulated tablet's percentage of drug content and content of uniformity had 98.50 and 99.12.The formulated batch F2 capable for provide the desirable drug release up to 20 hours period. The stability study shows the formulation batch F2 was stable. Therefore, this formulation method is economically it may be suitable for the pharmaceutical industries to use this type of simple technology for the development of advanced formulations
Smoking is a common practice and damages almost all organs and systems of the body. Oral cavity is often overlooked yet such an important region. Its rich flora contains many microorganisms that cause local and systemic diseases if microbiological flora is altered. Cigarette smoke renders oral mucosa epithelium to be susceptible for colonization of pathogens. These pathogens can cause or contribute formation of systemic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Also smoking causes mutations that can lead to cancers. Many cancerous or precancerous lesions and bad breath attributed to smoking. This review focuses smoking related oral cavity conditions and their mechanisms. Smoking is a prevalent habit with severe implications for oral health. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted ways in which smoking adversely affects oral health, ranging from aesthetic concerns to severe pathological conditions.Through an exploration of empirical evidence and expert opinions, this paper highlights the need for increased awareness, preventive measures, and cessation interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of smoking on oral health.This review explores the intricate relationship between smoking and oral health, delving into the multifaceted consequences that tobacco use imposes on the oral cavity. The analysis encompasses various dimensions, including the increased risks of gum disease, oral cancer, and compromised overall dental well-being associated with smoking.The adverse effects of smoking on oral health are examined in detail, encompassing issues such as tooth staining, periodontal disease, and the heightened susceptibility to dental decay. Additionally, the review investigates the intricate molecular and physiological mechanisms by which smoking exacerbates oral health challenges, from compromised blood flow to impaired healing processes.
Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Telmisartan and Carvedilol by RP-HPLC Method
A simple precise and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic technique was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan and Carvedilol in a combined dosage form Symmetry Agilent C18(4.6*150mm)5µmcolumn in isocratic mode was used with the mobile phase comprising of Water and Methanol in the ratio of 40:60v/v, the flow rate was set at 1ml/min. The analyte was monitored with dual wavelength UV detector at 255nm. The retention time of Telmisartan and Carvedilol was found to be 2.551 and 4.879 min respectively. The linearity range was found to lie from 10µg/ml to 50µg/ml of Telmisartan, 20µg/ml to 100µg/ml of Carvedilol. Percentage recoveries were obtained in the range of for Telmisartan 98.8% and for Carvedilol 98.5%. The proposed method is precise, accurate, selective, reproducible and rapid for the simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan and Carvedilol in combined form.
Study of Comparision be tween Effectiveness and Tolerance of Angiotensineii Receptor Blockers and Beta blockers in Cardiovascular Diseases
AIM: The Aim of the study was to compare the Effectiveness and Tolerance of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Beta -Blockers in Cardiovascular Diseases. Objectives: To find out Adverse drug reactions in treatment. To evaluate drug-drug interactions. To find out further complications. To access adherence of medications. To find out the tolerance of medication chart to determine safe and effectiveness of patients.Methodology: A hospital-based comparative study was carried out for 6 months at single center Warangal, Telangana, India. patients were enrolled in the study based on treatment. Our study was used to study of effectiveness and tolerance in all cardiac patients all the relevant and necessary data was collected from patients, care takers, case sheets, prescriptions, and physicians. Results:A total of 190 patients diagnosed with various cardiovascular disease were recruited in the study, conducted in out patients of cardiology department.Conclusion: In this study, we observed that among 190 patients males are more prone to CVD’S than females.Mostly 51-60 years of age group are mostly affected to CVD. HTN subjects have high percentage compared to other CVD ‘s.Tolerance is more in beta blockers followed ARB’S. Betablockers are more effectiveness than ARB’S even though it has more tolerance.According to this study we can conclude that significantly increase risk for CVD’s in patients using ARB’S and betablockers.This findings was not altered by the inclusion of additional information of the ARB’s and beta blockers in the analysis.However due to the low power of the study, further studies are needed to reproduce our fin.
Pharmacognostic and phytopharmacological investigation of oxalis corniculata L. (oxalidaceae)
The pharmacognostical studies of Oxalis corniculata L. belongs to family Oxalidaceae was done. In macroscopic studies, it is observed that the leaves are green and flowers are yellow color, pseudo umbels, axially, 1-6 flowered bracts two, linear, bracteole, sepals five lanceolate, petals are oblongata in nature apex and emarginated. Leaves are 3-foliate, leaflets obcordate, Chartaceous, pilose base cunate, margin entire. In this plant fruits are capsule in nature, oblong, abrupty tapering above; puberulous seeds are numerous per locule, ovoid transversely. Physicochemical properties are an important parameter in detecting adulteration on improper handling of the drug. In the evaluation of crude drug, ash values, extractive values are important parameters. The estimation of ash value is useful for detecting low- grade products, exhausted drugs and excess of sandy matter. The determination of extractive values with a range of solvents gives information about extractable non-polar and polar as well as total extractable plant constituents. The pharmacognostical studies of the plant were carried out with a focus on bringing out diagnostic characters will be of immense help in the proper identification and standardization of botanical species of the plant drugs. Which play a major role to establish the particular standards and helps to minimize the adulteration of the plant Oxalis corniculata L.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Study on the Leaves of Methanolic Extract of Blumea membranacea
An oxidative stress causes large number of diseases which may affect tissue in cells. Antioxidants neutralized the oxidative stress and help in controlling diseases. However, they may enhance the immune systems’ so that cells defend themselves against the diseases caused by free radicals. There are numerous sources of antioxidants such as Vitamins A, C, and E. moreover, selenium protect against cancer, heart diseases as well. The substance having antioxidant property may obtain from both natural and synthetic sources. Synthetic antioxidants are useful and effective but they are harmful for us on the other hand natural sources are available in huge amount. Blumea membranacea is one of the medicinal plants which are widely grown in Asian counties including India is a major source of antioxidant. However, all parts (stem, roots and leave) of plant are used as a medicine leaves are more commonly used and they cures several diseases such as cancer, gynecological etc. in addition a recent study described that, it is a strong anti-viral and anti-fungal agent. The essential oils found in leaves of B. membranacea has being used in several industries such as pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic. By this way, essential oil of this medicinal plant contributes an important part in growth in economy of developing countries like India. Hence use of B. membranacea based herbal medicine could be effective technology for treatment of several diseases and enhancement of antioxidant in humans.
In Vitro Studies on Anti-Cataract Activity of Phoenix dactylifera L., Seed
Cataract can be considered a paradigmatic protein conformation or amyloid disease because aggregation and precipitation of proteins from the normally clear soluble lens result in opacification and cataract. Cataract is painless clouding appearance on the internal lens of our eye. It blocks the light entering on lens of eye. This mostly happens to the older people, also those affected with metabolic disorder. Nowadays a children and young people are also affected because of the digital lifestyle. Early childhood cataract is a big challenge to overcome the visual eye. Opacity of the lens causes some chemical changes in the cellular and membrane constituents. The toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals are neutralized in the lens by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Several studies suggest the use of medicinal plants having antioxidant potential is beneficial against cataract. The most of the scientist selected the selenite induced cataract for oxidative damage induced cataract .we taken the naphthalene induced cataract model estimating the antioxidant level and compared with different groups of rats. β sitosterol is the active phytoconstitutes in the Phoenix dactylifera L., possess the antioxidant activity may be responsible for the anticataract activity.
A Study on Evaluation of Risk Profile and Treatment Pattern of Congestive Heart Failure Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from a functional or structural heart disorder impairing ventricular filling or ejection of blood to the systemic circulation. It is by definition a failure to meet the systemic demands of circulation. Heart failure remains a highly prevalent disorder worldwide with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months. The study was conducted in cardiology in a tertiary care hospital. A written and informed consent was obtained from the recruited patients. A Total of 135 patients were enrolled in the study. The Leg edema patients were more 40 (29.62 %) as compared to other clinical symptoms. NYHA Class IV patients were more 59 (43.70%) as compared to other NYHA class patients. 7-8 years duration heart failure patients were more 75 (55.55%) as compared to other heart failure durations. Asthma comrbid patients were more 48 (35.55 ) as compared to other comorbidities. Abnormal ECG patients were more 103 (76.29%) as compared to normal ECG patients. Antiplatelets prescribed patients were more 42 (31.11%) as compared to other prescribed drugs. The incidence of heart failure is slightly higher in males. A combination therapy proves to be more effective than a single drug. A combination of up to 5 drugs are in practice, the most common being Four-drug and Three-drug therapy. The Prescription of generic drugs reduces the patients’ burden making it more affordable and also the chance of survival for long time depends on absence or presence of co-morbidities.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Pindolol Tablets for Buccal Drug Delivery System
Pindolol is a nonselective beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension. It is also an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, preferentially blocking inhibitory 5-HT1A auto receptors, and has been researched as an add-on therapy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression. The aim of the present study was to develop buccal formulation of Pindolol to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. HPMCK15M, Locust bean gum and Xanthan gum were employed as polymers. Pindolol dose was fixed as 10 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 60 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F4) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,98.53 % in 12 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism.
Evaluation of Survival Rate in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer with Comorbid Conditions in Tertiary Care Hospital
Aim: Diabetic foot ulcer is the most common complication of diabetic foot ulcer and has a significant lifethreatening impact on the patients especially patients with other comorbidities predominantly diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate the survival rate in various patients suffering from DFU associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular diseases and other complications.Materials and methods: An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted on approximately 120 patients in general surgery department of Narayana medical hospital over a period of 6 months October 2022 to May 2023. Ethical clearance also has been acquired from the Institutional review committee at Narayana Medical College. Results: Among the 120 patients observed during the study, DFU along with only DM comorbidity were recorded in highest number i.e., 31 (35.83%). 16.66% and 11.66% DFU patients were suffering from DM along with hypertensions and CVS diseases respectively. Maximum no.of deaths were recorded in DFU patients with CVS diseases (43.75%) when compared to other comorbid conditions. Based on the data collected, 86.6% survival risk probability was observed in patients with CVS diseases indicating lower survival chances. Conclusion: Based on the available data collected during the study, after assessing the data and acquiring the results, it was concluded that patients with DFU associated with CVS diseases comorbidities has lower survival based on over survival rate.
A Comaprative Analysis of New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules and Its Impact on Approval Process of Oncology Drugs in USA, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, EUROPE and INDIA
The FDA approves drugs through the clinical trials process. Every clinical trial has a sponsor to fund the research process. Sponsors are usually pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, or healthcare organizations. After gathering data from animal research to determine if a potential drug is effective and safe for human testing, the sponsor of the clinical trial submits an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to the FDA. The IND application includes detailed information on the drug and explains how the trials will be conducted. The FDA regularly provides updates on approved drugs on the FDA website. Even after the FDA approves a drug, the sponsor is still required to report safety updates to the FDA as needed. If new side effects are discovered, the drug’s labeling is changed and the public is informed. If a new side effect is deemed too dangerous, the FDA revokes approval. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves cancer drugs based on (1) overall survival or patient reported outcomes, (2) progression-free survival, ie, the time until cancer recurs or worsens, or (3) response rate (RR), ie, the percent of patients experiencing tumor shrinkage. The Response rate and complete response rate are typically ascertained in uncontrolled, nonrandomized studies. Because these trials have no comparator arm, drug-related adverse events may be missed among symptomatic patients because they may be mistakenly attributed to their underlying cancer. There is also uncertainty about whether and to what degree these drugs improve survival or quality of life.
A study on marketing and authorization of pharmaceutical Packaging materials in USA, UK, CANADA and INDIA
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness 1. Innovations in medical technology - starting from the ancients and till date – have produced numerous appliances and instruments that have been essential in diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation, apart from pharmaceuticals. Modern medicine requires and utilizes numerous such instruments that can be used to uplift the health standards. Medical devices are evolved from medical technology. Medical devices need to be of adequate quality and safety to bring public health benefits without harming patients, health care workers or the community. Countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Major biopharmaceutical companies are required to determine the regulatory strategy that can speed up the drug approval process. India has issued new clinical trials rules to expedite new drug approvals. The clinical trial approval process was reformed to speed up the drug approval processes for prescription and orphan drugs. India’s regulatory authority, the CDSCO, has taken steps to improve transparency and accountability and promote ethical and scientific clinical research and development of new drugs. This resulted in high number of waivers for local phase 3 clinical trials and new conditional approval pathway for new drugs already approved and licensed by health authorities in the US, UK, Canada, and India.
Clinical correlation between Pattern of pseudoexfolative Deposits and its Severity of Glaucoma in Iraq
Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is characterized by the accumulation of pseudoexfoliative material (PXF) in ocular tissues. Early diagnosis and timely management of PEX are crucial since it is the leading cause of secondary glaucoma in Iraq. Aim: To review current perspectives on the pattern of PXF deposits and evaluate their possible clinical correlation with the severity of glaucoma in the Iraqi population. Methods: Demography and medical history of participants were noted in a case report form. Subjects underwent visual acuity measurement, subjective refraction, and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement by optical method. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by Goldman applanation tonometry. A slit-lamp examination of each eye was conducted before and after the instillation of mydriatic eye drops. Patients were evaluated by a glaucoma specialist to confirm pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG). Further, clinical correlation was done between the pattern of PXF deposits (whether capsular–dominated or pupillary-dominated) with the severity of glaucoma. Statistical data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2016. . Statistical analysis was done using SPSS V24 software where the chi-square test. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 79 patients’ 113 eyes with PEX were examined for the presence of PEG. The mean age was 65.66 ± 6.003 years (50-83years). PEX was more common in females [n=61(53.98%)] than in males [n=52(46.02%)]. The correlation between the pattern of PXF deposit on anterior segment structure and PEG was not statistically significant (P=0.205). Severe glaucoma was significantly associated with capsular-dominated PXF deposits compared to pupillary-dominated PXF deposits (40.7% vs 15.6%) with P=0.014. Capsular-dominated PXF deposits were significantly associated with good pupillary dilatation (45.7% vs 18.8%) as compared to pupillary-dominated PXF deposits with a P=0.01. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that PEX with capsular-dominated PXF shows an increased risk of severe glaucoma over the pupillary-dominated deposits. Also, good pupillary dilatation is significantly associated with a capsular pattern of PXF deposits. Larger multicentre studies are needed to confirm these findings and apply the results towards better eye health outcomes.
The 2009 flu outbreak in humans, known as "swine influenza" or H1N1 influenza A, refers to influenza A due to a new H1N1 strain called swine-origin influenza virus A (S-OIV). The new swine flu virus is actually a genetic mixture of two strains, both found in swine, of unknown origin. S-OIV can be transmitted from human to human and causes the normal symptoms of influenza. Prevention of swine influenza spread among humans includes use of standard infection control measures against influenza and constitutes the main scope of World Health Organization. For the treatment of S-OIV influenza oseltamivir and zanamivir are effective in most cases. Prophylaxis against this new flu strain is expected through a new vaccine, which is not available yet. Worldwide extension of S-OIV is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and indicates that response actions against S-OIV must be aggressive.
Causes and Awareness on Contact Lens to Prevent Opportunistic Infections
Contact lenses for visual correction offer many benefits to the 4 million wearers in the UK, yet contact lens-related microbial keratitis is a frequent cause of unilateral visual impairment. Severe cases can result in permanent vision loss, a need for corneal transplant or loss of the eye. In all healthcare systems, contact lens-related microbial keratitis poses a significant healthcare challenge as patients require intensive topical antimicrobial therapy and close monitoring of treatment response. It is typical for contact lens storage containers to have persistent microbial contamination, which has been linked to microbial keratitis and clear corneal invasion. Contact lens-associated microbial keratitis is an interesting, potentially sight-threatening complexity arising from wearing soft contact lenses. Estimates show that for every 10,000 persons who wear contact lenses each year, there are 2 to 5 occurrences of microbial keratitis. Investigating separate determinants for contact lens-associated MK and evaluating their impact on infection load is one of the challenges in their administration. It is hoped that this will offer a useful outline of the complicated issues of contact lens wear that are both infectious and non-infectious. Recent epidemiological studies detailing the risk factors associated with contact lens use, and the effect of pathogen and individual immune profiles on the severity of diseases have enlightened how we might interpret the prophylaxis and prevention of contact lens-related corneal infection. Safe contact lenses are an effective form of vision correction for the millions of people who require them; however, they are not devoid of risks. The risk of eye infection increases due to a lack of care and personal cleanliness such as topping off storage cases with disinfection solution and washing contact lenses in fresh water. It is uncommon in this demographic to use contacts for prolonged periods or a greater variety of activities. Since contact lens technology has advanced, individuals who prefer not to wear glasses frequently select this method of vision correction.
New Immunotherapy Approaches for Preventing Cancer
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply faster compared to other cells. These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous. Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors. Immunotherapy is a pivotal intervention in managing a spectrum of immunological disorders, from immune deficiencies to malignancies. The diverse modalities of immunotherapy, their mechanisms of action, potential adverse events, and crucial considerations such as dosing and monitoring. Cancer immunotherapy, encompassing both experimental and standard-of-care therapies, has emerged as a promising approach to harnessing the immune system for tumor suppression. Experimental strategies, including novel immunotherapies and preclinical models, are actively being explored, while established treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer immunotherapy has introduced novel possibilities for cancer treatment. The development of advanced animal models is essential to better replicate human tumor-immune system interactions, facilitating more accurate preclinical assessments and optimizing therapeutic strategies can lower the cancer progression in the community. Deploying immune-based interventions in the early stage of cancer is likely most effective, and application of immune-based interventions to intercept and even prevent the future occurrence of cancer.