A Review on Bubonic Plague, Pathogenesis and Its Preventive and Treatment Approaches

Abstract

An ancient disease, its bacterial agent (Yersinia pestis) still causes periodic outbreaks and remains endemic in some parts of the world. Additionally, because it could be weaponized for world bioterrorism, understanding its clinical syndromes, epidemiology, and treatment options remains critical for medical practitioners. Finally, recent molecular discoveries linking recessive familial Mediterranean fever mutations to plague immunity have revolutionized how scientists and historians alike view this novel evolutionary adaptation. Y.pestis is an aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Genetic DNA analysis shows that it diverged from its enteric pathogenic relative, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, up to 6000 years ago. After incubation for 24 to 48 hours in blood. Its primary vector for transmission is the Xenopsylla cheopis flea, although roughly 80 species of fleas can carry it. During the Black Death, the flea was transported by the black rat or Rattus. The clinical forms of the plague include high fevers, terrible pains in their limbs and abdomen, and headaches generally between 3 and 7 days after exposure. The bacteria reproduce rapidly in lymph nodes located closest to the flea bites, leading to painful swellings in the groin, cervical, axillary lymph nodes, which can enlarge to the size of an egg. The modern medicine has greatly improved therapies can prevent the future consequences of infection among the people.